The Concept of Income Inequality

Income inequality is a pressing issue that affects individuals and communities worldwide. It represents the unequal distribution of income among individuals, where those who work equally may receive different amounts of money for their labor. This concept is fundamental to understanding poverty and its effects on society.

Shiva Ram's Story: A Case Study of Poverty

The story of Shiva Ram, a cobbler living in rural Tamil Nadu, serves as a poignant example of income inequality. Despite being a skilled craftsman, Shiva Ram works as an agricultural laborer for 50 rupees per day. This meager wage makes it challenging for him to sustain himself and his family. His wife, Shakila, also faces the same issue, earning only 25 rupees per day despite performing the same work. Their situation highlights the disparities in income that often accompany poverty.

Family Dynamics and Poverty

Shiva Ram's family consists of eight members, including an 65-year-old widow mother who struggles with illness. His 25-year-old sister-in-law is married but unable to find a suitable groom due to their family's financial constraints. The family's lack of resources forces them to make difficult choices, such as not being able to afford food for all their children or sending only one child to school. This scenario illustrates the far-reaching effects of poverty on families and individuals.

Poverty in India: A Nationwide Issue

In India, poverty is a pervasive issue that affects people from various backgrounds. The country's economic growth has led to disparities in income distribution, with some individuals earning significantly more than others for performing similar work. This inequality perpetuates itself through social exclusion and tolerability, making it difficult for those living below the poverty line to access basic necessities.

Poverty Estimation: A Statistical Perspective

According to data from various sources, including government reports and academic studies, the poverty line in India is approximately 673 rupees per month for rural areas and 860 rupees per month for urban areas. These estimates may vary depending on regional costs of living and other factors. However, these figures serve as a rough guide to understanding the scope of poverty in different parts of the country.

Social Exclusion: A Major Factor

Social exclusion plays a significant role in perpetuating poverty. In India, certain groups are marginalized due to their caste, gender, or geographical location. This marginalization affects their access to education, employment opportunities, and healthcare, further exacerbating their poverty. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for developing effective strategies to address poverty.

Conclusion

Poverty is a multifaceted issue that requires a comprehensive approach to tackle. By examining the stories of individuals like Shiva Ram, we can gain insight into the complexities of poverty and its far-reaching effects on families and communities. Addressing income inequality, social exclusion, and tolerability is essential for reducing poverty and promoting inclusive growth in India. As we move forward, it is essential to recognize the nuances of poverty and develop targeted solutions to address this pressing issue.

Tabular Presentation of Poverty Estimation

The following table presents a summary of poverty estimates in India:

| Region | Poverty Line (per month) |

| --- | --- |

| Rural Areas | 673 rupees |

| Urban Areas | 860 rupees |

Rebel Group: Economic and Social Dynamics

In India, rebel groups have emerged as a significant force in addressing poverty. These groups are often divided into two categories: economic and social. The economic group focuses on providing financial support to marginalized communities, while the social group emphasizes education, healthcare, and empowerment.

This division reflects the complex nature of poverty, which cannot be addressed solely through economic measures. Social inclusion and empowerment are equally crucial for promoting meaningful change. By understanding these dynamics, we can develop more effective strategies to address poverty and promote inclusive growth in India.

Child Labor: A Growing Concern

Child labor is a pressing issue that affects millions of children worldwide. In India, child labor is prevalent, with many children forced into manual labor due to their family's financial constraints. This practice perpetuates itself through social exclusion and tolerability, making it difficult for governments to address effectively.

Malnutrition and Health Issues

Poverty often leads to malnutrition and poor health outcomes. In India, millions of people suffer from malnutrition, which can have long-term consequences on their well-being. Addressing these issues requires a comprehensive approach that includes nutrition education, healthcare services, and economic empowerment.

Tolerability: A Barrier to Change

Tolerability refers to the willingness of communities to accept poverty as a normal part of life. In India, tolerability is a significant barrier to addressing poverty effectively. Many people are reluctant to challenge the status quo or seek alternative solutions due to fear, social pressure, or cultural norms.

Understanding these factors is crucial for developing effective strategies to address poverty in India. By recognizing the complexities of poverty and its effects on individuals and communities, we can work towards creating a more inclusive and equitable society.

"WEBVTTKind: captionsLanguage: engood morning students how are you all okay has we had already completed down the first two chapter so in this chapter it is related with the third chapter of your economics we are going to understand the problem that is being faced by lot of people not in India only the problem occurs through out of what okay so you all are aware with the problem that is related with the poverty so in this chapter we are going to understand what is poverty how we estimate the poverty what are the main causes of poverty and along with that we are going to understand the measures that we can able to take down just to reduce the poverty as we all are aware in India poverty is considered as a challenge a big challenge because people are facing lotta problem just because they are poor they don't have even the basic animate ease they don't have when the basic necessities they don't have food to eat they don't have shelter to leave so this kind of people are still living in India and these people are known as rather a landless labour or the people which are considered to be live in Yogi's or overcrowded cities are the places and even if I talk about the children's we all are aware the child labor is completely back but still it is practicing in our country what does the reason behind the child labor is definitely the poverty their parents are not that much capable to give them all the necessities of their life to give them the luxury of that life the small children's has to work at tapas just because of this problem of poverty because their parents are not that much capable and it is difficult for the survival sometime even there in - much less that they are not able to survive in this world if they won't work at all okay so child labor is definitely banned at all but still they are pursued this is also pursuing in India the reason behind is that is just one the poverty okay so the children's are there you can able to see it as a beggar they are begging from you on the streets on the roads on the railways number of times you see a beggar and most of the backers are considered to be the children so they are practicing such kind of activities as well even in India if we talk about every fourth person in India is considered to the pool okay if I talk about from 30 corrodes we are just taking an example from 30 roads near from overall the population that was 135 grown nearby near about 30 crore peoples are there who are came under the poverty line who are unable to survive a good life okay so just here our cases are given that is related with the urban case Arvind any of the areas that is related with the cities okay and the second one case is showing the rural case Rudin case is definitely related with the people who are living in the villages so we are going to understand both the cases at fuller extent okay so firstly we are going to discuss down the case it is just an example to show down how the poverty is prevailing in the urban areas and in the poorer areas okay so there is what is included in this case the 33 year old man was there that the name of man is Ram Charan II now he what he is working he is a daily wage laborer and he is working in a wheat flour mill that is near Ranchi in Jharkhand now how much he earns he just managed to earn 1500 per month only 1500 per month this is your even I think this is less than the pocket money of lot of students from you so he is just earning 1500 per month and he has six family members so it was very much difficult from for him to adjust in such a big family with only 1500 rupees okay that family is definitely including his wife and four children SATA the Asian of those children is between that 12 year to six months okay so what else is included here so you can able to understand with 1500 how one person is able to earn to survive in this world not only one person because he has to give the food to near about six people because they are their family members and he has to thought about them so that problem is very much for the Ram Sharan okay so his wife we had already talked down the wife of the name of wife is definitely Santa Devi and even what does Santa they we did Santa they we worked as a maid in the few houses and she is able to manage only eight hundred in a month so definitely they are completely helpless fifteen hundred is being earned by the Ram Sharan enchanted a was earning only eight hundred and even elder son is also working at the tea shop and he's earning only three hundred rupees and when ten-year-old daughter was there so she is just taking care of their siblings siblings representing to a brother or sisters okay so she is just taking care of the sibling and none of them goes to school because it is very difficult not because they are earning very less like a father is earning only fifteen hundred mother is earning 801 child was there that has elder one that is earning only 300 so it is not possible for them to pay up the feasts of the school no one is going to the school and everyone do you know the shoes is considered as a luxury for them a royal thing which we want like way for a luxury but a luxury for us definitely we want a or D we want a Mercedes all such kind of a things as luxuries for us but for the poor people but for the families like Ram Sharon the luxuries is considered as a new shoes okay so if anyone got ill in their family it is very much difficult for them to give him a proper treatment okay so this is the case that is there in the urban area that is related with the city now we are going to discuss one more example that is related with the rural area definitely the rural area laka Singh was there the name of that person or example of the locker Singh was there he definitely belongs to a small village and the village is near married in Uttar Pradesh now what problem with him like in the rural area if I talk about villages definitely the main income is from the land whatsoever the gain from the land is the main income there okay so but if I talk about la casa milà causing does not have their own land okay at times they just paid rupees 50 for the hard day work he is working on any other person land and God only 50 rupees per day so definitely you can able to understand with 50 rupees per day how much it was difficult for him to survive in this world and for his family what is actually the luxury even soap and oil which is we considered a basic basic anima T's are very much important for our life so op is very much important because it kills germs because it killed the a lot of germs here but for the LA Carson family the soap and oil is considered as an luxury okay so - as well they don't have a good health facilities as well if when they are living in a culture house so if any person from their family falls ill they are unable to give them the proper treatment here the example of his father is also given here the father of laka saying is a patient of TB and after two years after two year of suffering from the problem that is tuberculosis he passed away because of lack of my medication we are he is not able to give him proper facilities proper medications okay so now we are going to hope you are clear with the problem that are being faced by the people whether in the rural area or if we talk about the urban area the poverty is still prevailing in each and every corner of a country so the study which we are going to discuss and today's chapter is definitely about the landless laborers and definitely unemployment unemployment whenever a person want got the job he is capable to do the job but he does not find the suitable job definitely that situation is considered to be the unemployment the third one is related with the size of family the size of family also depends a lot a person like we had discussed down is owning only 1500 and he has about 6 to 8 members in his family so it is very difficult for him as well to cooperate or to adjust in this world the fourth one is related with the la Tracey the next we discuss down about the poor health or my nutrition - and he'll definitely occurs just because of malnutrition when they are not able to get a proper food or a good quality of food that is proportionally equal to the poor health the next one is related with the child labor so child Labor's children's are working on that hoppers they are working on the roads and they are selling the fruits and vegetables so these kind of activities are included in the child labor and another one is related with the helplessness the poor people are completely helpless so he does not find our support or help from any other person that is also a related with the issue of poverty okay so starting with the chapter we are going to understand these concept in detail so definitely what does for what they mean for what he means hunger and lack of shelter when we are facing a problem of hunger we are not able to get the food and even we don't have a shelter to live then it is definitely proportional to the poverty and we are not along with that we are not able to send our children to the school even some sick people are if any sick people are there in our place or in our home we are not able to give him proper treatment all such kind of a things are included in the poverty lack of clean water lack of sanitation facility lack of food lack of basic anomalies all such kind of a things as further as considered as a part of poverty okay so elite race is there so people are facing such kind of things just because they of helplessness we had already this as we had seen down that poverty has shown at each and every sphere of this India so whether you look at the factories whether you look at the officers whether you look at the railway stations so you can able to see the people who are suffering from this poverty okay so the major challenge or the biggest challenge behind India or in front of India is definitely to get out people from such a big problem so here's the quote of Mahatma Gandhi is already given whatsoever Mahatma Gandhi said about the poverty Mahatma Gandhi always and that India would be truly independent only when poorest of people became free from human suffering definitely the India is considered to be independent only when the poor people start getting each and everything they start getting out from their sufferings they start getting out from their problems if they still are in their problems that is not considered that India is being independent India is considered only independence when people start living their life in a good manner okay so the next one is related with the property as a seen by the social scientists how the poverty is being seen by the social scientists so definitely there are different indicators that has been determined by the social scientists to look out the poverty so what are those income that indicator used to level of the income level of consumption that is being done by the people along but that did check out the literacy level lack of journalist resistance due to mall malnutrition lack of a sense to health care lack of job opportunity last lack of access to safe drinking water sanitation so along with that they analyzed the poverty on the basis of certain social exclusion and vulnerability okay so what does included in the social exclusion social exclusion means a person is excluded from the society so definitely poverty social exclusion is definitely we can able to say the cause of poverty and even the consequences of the poverty as well because social exclusion means the person is excluded down from the country the person is excluded down from the society the society won't accept him just because he is poor so according to this Kahn's a concept poverty has been termed in the term of poor having to live only in the poor surrounding they are not allowed to live and with the other people who are loving or in a good surrounding so poor people just because they are cold they don't have a basic anima T's they don't have the things to fulfill their basic needs they are not allowed to live with the richer people so they're people who are socially up or socially in high they won't give the Equality to such kind of people they just better off cut down the people from their surrounding so what happened in this definitely the caste system is prevailing here the typical example of car system is given here in your book as well these people does not even get the proper facilities the benefits of opportunity has also been taken from this moreover you can able to take down as social equality is not given to the people who are facing the problem of poverty so what happened in this system that particular person is belonging from the lower caste so we are not going to adjust with that person we are not going to talk with that person because the level of that person is not equal to us that person is belonging to this class so this is the work which is being done by a particular person so the caste system is definitely very hazardous for our country is this very bad for our country because it former promoted only the poverty and it does not result in the betterment of the life of people the second one is related with a one-er ability so what does included and the vulnerability vulnerability definitely is determined by the option available to the different communities for finding alternative living in the terms of asset and education health and job opportunities and further if I talk about it is being analyzed on the basis of greater risk these group faced at the time of natural calamities natural disaster that has considered earthquake tsunami so all such kind of a things is considered on that line actual disasters along with that terrorism is also there so in fact the vulnerability describes the greatest probability of being more adversely affected from other people when bad times came for everybody whether the flood or the earthquake definitely they these people are the one who are facing a lot so which kind of peoples are included their widowed one a socially handicapped one people who belonging from the backward classes all such kind of people are included in this so it just stopped because of discrimination that has done with these people they had to faced a lot of problem in other situation as well even the sometimes the common people are able to face out the problems like natural calamities and the Terrorism as well but these people has to suffer from those as well so how we aren't able to determine this poverty what are the main method which is being used in our country to determine this poverty is definitely we else this coming and the concept of poverty with the help of poverty line a common method used to measure poverty is based on the income and consumption level so a person is considered to be poor if he are his or her income or consumption level falls below the minimum level and necessity he is not able to fulfill the basic needs of life okay so a minimum level is being decided by the government so imaginary @mi every country is using an imaginary line that is considered and appropriate for the existing level of development and accepted the minimum norms or minimum norms is given here and a line of imaginary line is being constructed by each and every country just to check out that whether the person is poor or no okay so so what happened let me give you an example in India if I talk about what in car is a luxury I have a wood car and that is definitely a luxury for me but if I talk about the United State if you don't have a car you will be considered as a poor one you it means you the car is considered as a basic necessity in the United State but in India still it is considered as a luxury if Indian people don't have a car that is quite okay but if the United State people doesn't have a car they are considered to be the poor ever okay so the definitely each and every country has made down this imaginary line by checking out their own people living standard so India has their different marginal line and if I talk about the other countries they have their different imaginary lines so while determining the poverty line in India a minimum level of food requirement clothing footwear food fuel and light education and medical requirement etc are determined subsequently so definitely the present formula of food requirement while estimating the poverty line is based on the desire calorie requirement how much calorie requirement is there that is based on that okay so definitely cereals all their pulses are there in the calories vegetables are there milk is there oil is there sugar is there so I'll cut such kind of a things are included in the different kind of calories and what they accepted accepted average calories of per person in if I talk of in India is 2400 calories definitely in rural area and 2,100 calories in urban area they found that it is very much essential for for people who are in a rural area has to get 2400 calories in per days and if I talk about the urban area it is very much difficult if the person is not getting 20 100 calories in a birthday why it is more for the poorer the rural area and less for the urban area because it is considered that the people who are living in the village has indulged themselves more in the physical activities rather than the urban area the city people does not indulge themselves in the number of physical activities they are just doing work with the mental health or they just want indulge themselves in the physical activities we can able to say okay so that is the reason accepted every cell calories is requirement for the rural area is more venta or buried okay so the next one is definitely related with the poverty line so how much we had fixed out for that if I talk about the calculation that has happened in 2009 and 2010 so poverty line for a person is rupees 673 per month for the rural area if the person in Guler area is earning 673 and per month definitely he is above from the poverty line in India this is the poverty line which is or imaginary line which is being considered down a person must on more than 673 per month in the rural area and if I talk about the urban area so definitely it only consists of eight sixty rupees in the urban area and the per person is earning eight sixty rupees in urban area definitely he is considered above from the poverty line okay so if I talk about two thousand nine and ten a family of five member living in the rural area has earning less than about 3,100 3,100 sixty five per month with be below the poverty line or similar family in the urban area would be need a minimum amount that is for t 300 per month to make the basic requirement this survey is being carried out by the National Sample Survey organization that is known as an SS okay so as we had discussed down about six seventy three rupees address of an individual if I talked about the family one that you have to calculate with the number of numbers they are living in the family so if I talk about the World Bank and even other all the international organization also formed a uniform standard of poverty line that is representing the minimum availability of equivalent for one $5 per person okay look please Rupesh we are not able to considered it as it appears it is considered as a $1 a point person must on in their day-to-day life only then he is considered as above the poverty line so the poverty estimation table and the diagrammatic presentation is given here let us check it once so what does included in the poverty estimation table so the table is definitely 3.1 you've been able to see so from the year 1973 and till the year 2010 estimation data is given here so the estimation of poverty is definitely related with the poverty ratio and the number of who were in the million so definitely it reduces down so after analyzing the table when you read down this paragraph you came to know that the estimation poverty or the poverty is reducing down to the larger extent if we talk about 1973 there in the rural area there is 56.4% and in urban area it is 49 percent but in 2009 and did it decrease down to 34 to 27 okay so the poverty we had able to cope with the poverty we are able to cop up with the people we are able to provide the basic animate ease to the people but still it is prevailing in India as we all are aware it is not like that it is completely exhausted from India it is prevailing in India but it will some extent it reduces down a lot okay so moving further just you have to read down this paragraph to just check out the number so you can able to look out from the table as well nothing else is given in this paragraph moving further now we are going to understand the wanna really be vulnerable groups okay so what does included in the one rebel groups the different groups are being made under this like those first group is representing the social group the second one is representing the economic group definitely the social group means the society the group's at is related with the society economic group agree that the group that is related with the money that is related with consumption of in things with the help that we are able to get up from the money okay so definitely the one a rebel group is means that by making the poverty line we divided the people into two parts we divided the people into two categories the first one is representing the social group which are most vulnerable to the poverty as a shity will cast and shield our household so the main people that is considered we just check out the people from the cast the people of social car is read in curst and shrewd rights are facing more problem of poverty in India in comparative to any other social group but if I talk about the economic group so what does included in the economic group the rural agriculture farmer was there because they don't have a land there no so definitely they are working on their land so that is the reason they are facing a lot of although the average for the pool below the poverty line for all the groups in India is thirty forty eight out of hundred people belonging to the shedule tribes in the rural area are not able to meet up their basic needs and similarly the 47% of casual worker in the urban area are below poverty line and about 50 percent of landless agricultural workers and 43% of shedule caste are also poor so the double disadvantages of the being landless casual wage laborer household in the socially disadvantaged great social group of the shedule caste and Scheduled Tribe was there so if I talk about the people who are facing a problem of poverty is definitely the rural agriculture laborer and urban capital laborers and definitely the shedule Tribes is considered an exceptions were there but number of people that are belonging from this particular a caste is considered to be fall down under the poverty the poverty line or shown to be fall down under the poverty line it is an exception it is not applicable on everyone okay so the reason behind that is definitely the inequality of income inequality of income is representing the same work is done by two people and still one is getting the more income than the other the another person is getting less income and one person is getting more income that is representing that inequality of incomes from the story of Shiva Ram you can able to understand the concept of income inequality in cummick well inequality is representing the two people are doing the same work and still getting the different income and still getting the different mean get-getting from that work okay so what does included in this as this example is also related with the poor family because we are discussing the chapter that is related with the poor poverty so definitely the example in this chapter is with the poor family so she varam lives in the small towns near the Carew town in Tamil Nadu so kuru town is very much famous for the handloom and the powerful ooh fabric and the shiva ram is considered as an cobbler by caste but he is working as an agricultural laborer so but he's working as an agricultural laborer but as a cast she's he is a cobbler but the further an agricultural work he is getting of 50 rupees per days you can able to understand how much less is this income so definitely it is very much difficult for the Shiva Ram to continue with this and even sometimes she he does not get that job as well that is for only five to six months in here fifty rupees per day for just four five to six month in here and his wife shashikala was there she is to working the same work that is being done by the Shiva Ram but she is getting paid only 25 rupees per day now you can able to understand that she varam and shakyla is doing both doing the same work and still getting the difference in the income they have eight family members in their family and Shiva are on 65 year old widow of whom mother is definitely ill she is suffering from their problem but for the family so poor as it is very much difficult for them to cop up with them to give them the medical facilities and her 25 year old sister was there and along with that for children's was there that is from aged between 1 year to 16 year 3 of them was girl and 1's boy but still no one goes to school because they are not able to buy the food for them they are not able to pull out so they can able to buy up the books for them they are not able to get up the luxury for them and for girls at the school going is considered to be a luxury element but she varam want to send his son to the school but as shakeela thought her sister because she is of 25 year old and she is married and she is considered as a burden on the family and she is because she varam and shashikala is not able to find out a perfect bridegroom from the shesh for the for her sister so that is the reason the reason behind is that is definitely the poverty because they are poor so they are not even able to manage the meal for in a date for two times so definitely it is very difficult for him to arrange a bridegroom for him so hope you are clear till here what we discuss down in today's video we had came to know about the poverty we had discussed down how the poverty occurs how the people shall who lives under the poverty line survive in the country horrifically their line is here we discuss down the case study of urban area and the rural area further we came to know about the landless problem laborers unemployment that is occurring in our country size of family along with that we discuss down about the illiteracy the poor health and the malnutrition is the biggest problem along with that we discuss down about child labor and the helplessness which is being faced down by the people here we discuss down the division of the poverty with the help of social exclusion and tolerability and along with that we came to know that a person who is earning 673 rupees per month in the rural area and 860 rupees in the urban area is considered to be above the poverty line and definitely each and every country's poverty line where is down so moving further we came to know about the check out the tabular presentation of the poverty estimation and further we discuss down of one a rebel group that is further divided into two group that is related with the economic group and the social group social group is definitely related with the society and economic group is definitely relate through the income so hope you are cleared till here in the next video we are going to discuss down the further part of this chapter so till then you have to read down the chapter very well and watched on the second part of the videogood morning students how are you all okay has we had already completed down the first two chapter so in this chapter it is related with the third chapter of your economics we are going to understand the problem that is being faced by lot of people not in India only the problem occurs through out of what okay so you all are aware with the problem that is related with the poverty so in this chapter we are going to understand what is poverty how we estimate the poverty what are the main causes of poverty and along with that we are going to understand the measures that we can able to take down just to reduce the poverty as we all are aware in India poverty is considered as a challenge a big challenge because people are facing lotta problem just because they are poor they don't have even the basic animate ease they don't have when the basic necessities they don't have food to eat they don't have shelter to leave so this kind of people are still living in India and these people are known as rather a landless labour or the people which are considered to be live in Yogi's or overcrowded cities are the places and even if I talk about the children's we all are aware the child labor is completely back but still it is practicing in our country what does the reason behind the child labor is definitely the poverty their parents are not that much capable to give them all the necessities of their life to give them the luxury of that life the small children's has to work at tapas just because of this problem of poverty because their parents are not that much capable and it is difficult for the survival sometime even there in - much less that they are not able to survive in this world if they won't work at all okay so child labor is definitely banned at all but still they are pursued this is also pursuing in India the reason behind is that is just one the poverty okay so the children's are there you can able to see it as a beggar they are begging from you on the streets on the roads on the railways number of times you see a beggar and most of the backers are considered to be the children so they are practicing such kind of activities as well even in India if we talk about every fourth person in India is considered to the pool okay if I talk about from 30 corrodes we are just taking an example from 30 roads near from overall the population that was 135 grown nearby near about 30 crore peoples are there who are came under the poverty line who are unable to survive a good life okay so just here our cases are given that is related with the urban case Arvind any of the areas that is related with the cities okay and the second one case is showing the rural case Rudin case is definitely related with the people who are living in the villages so we are going to understand both the cases at fuller extent okay so firstly we are going to discuss down the case it is just an example to show down how the poverty is prevailing in the urban areas and in the poorer areas okay so there is what is included in this case the 33 year old man was there that the name of man is Ram Charan II now he what he is working he is a daily wage laborer and he is working in a wheat flour mill that is near Ranchi in Jharkhand now how much he earns he just managed to earn 1500 per month only 1500 per month this is your even I think this is less than the pocket money of lot of students from you so he is just earning 1500 per month and he has six family members so it was very much difficult from for him to adjust in such a big family with only 1500 rupees okay that family is definitely including his wife and four children SATA the Asian of those children is between that 12 year to six months okay so what else is included here so you can able to understand with 1500 how one person is able to earn to survive in this world not only one person because he has to give the food to near about six people because they are their family members and he has to thought about them so that problem is very much for the Ram Sharan okay so his wife we had already talked down the wife of the name of wife is definitely Santa Devi and even what does Santa they we did Santa they we worked as a maid in the few houses and she is able to manage only eight hundred in a month so definitely they are completely helpless fifteen hundred is being earned by the Ram Sharan enchanted a was earning only eight hundred and even elder son is also working at the tea shop and he's earning only three hundred rupees and when ten-year-old daughter was there so she is just taking care of their siblings siblings representing to a brother or sisters okay so she is just taking care of the sibling and none of them goes to school because it is very difficult not because they are earning very less like a father is earning only fifteen hundred mother is earning 801 child was there that has elder one that is earning only 300 so it is not possible for them to pay up the feasts of the school no one is going to the school and everyone do you know the shoes is considered as a luxury for them a royal thing which we want like way for a luxury but a luxury for us definitely we want a or D we want a Mercedes all such kind of a things as luxuries for us but for the poor people but for the families like Ram Sharon the luxuries is considered as a new shoes okay so if anyone got ill in their family it is very much difficult for them to give him a proper treatment okay so this is the case that is there in the urban area that is related with the city now we are going to discuss one more example that is related with the rural area definitely the rural area laka Singh was there the name of that person or example of the locker Singh was there he definitely belongs to a small village and the village is near married in Uttar Pradesh now what problem with him like in the rural area if I talk about villages definitely the main income is from the land whatsoever the gain from the land is the main income there okay so but if I talk about la casa milà causing does not have their own land okay at times they just paid rupees 50 for the hard day work he is working on any other person land and God only 50 rupees per day so definitely you can able to understand with 50 rupees per day how much it was difficult for him to survive in this world and for his family what is actually the luxury even soap and oil which is we considered a basic basic anima T's are very much important for our life so op is very much important because it kills germs because it killed the a lot of germs here but for the LA Carson family the soap and oil is considered as an luxury okay so - as well they don't have a good health facilities as well if when they are living in a culture house so if any person from their family falls ill they are unable to give them the proper treatment here the example of his father is also given here the father of laka saying is a patient of TB and after two years after two year of suffering from the problem that is tuberculosis he passed away because of lack of my medication we are he is not able to give him proper facilities proper medications okay so now we are going to hope you are clear with the problem that are being faced by the people whether in the rural area or if we talk about the urban area the poverty is still prevailing in each and every corner of a country so the study which we are going to discuss and today's chapter is definitely about the landless laborers and definitely unemployment unemployment whenever a person want got the job he is capable to do the job but he does not find the suitable job definitely that situation is considered to be the unemployment the third one is related with the size of family the size of family also depends a lot a person like we had discussed down is owning only 1500 and he has about 6 to 8 members in his family so it is very difficult for him as well to cooperate or to adjust in this world the fourth one is related with the la Tracey the next we discuss down about the poor health or my nutrition - and he'll definitely occurs just because of malnutrition when they are not able to get a proper food or a good quality of food that is proportionally equal to the poor health the next one is related with the child labor so child Labor's children's are working on that hoppers they are working on the roads and they are selling the fruits and vegetables so these kind of activities are included in the child labor and another one is related with the helplessness the poor people are completely helpless so he does not find our support or help from any other person that is also a related with the issue of poverty okay so starting with the chapter we are going to understand these concept in detail so definitely what does for what they mean for what he means hunger and lack of shelter when we are facing a problem of hunger we are not able to get the food and even we don't have a shelter to live then it is definitely proportional to the poverty and we are not along with that we are not able to send our children to the school even some sick people are if any sick people are there in our place or in our home we are not able to give him proper treatment all such kind of a things are included in the poverty lack of clean water lack of sanitation facility lack of food lack of basic anomalies all such kind of a things as further as considered as a part of poverty okay so elite race is there so people are facing such kind of things just because they of helplessness we had already this as we had seen down that poverty has shown at each and every sphere of this India so whether you look at the factories whether you look at the officers whether you look at the railway stations so you can able to see the people who are suffering from this poverty okay so the major challenge or the biggest challenge behind India or in front of India is definitely to get out people from such a big problem so here's the quote of Mahatma Gandhi is already given whatsoever Mahatma Gandhi said about the poverty Mahatma Gandhi always and that India would be truly independent only when poorest of people became free from human suffering definitely the India is considered to be independent only when the poor people start getting each and everything they start getting out from their sufferings they start getting out from their problems if they still are in their problems that is not considered that India is being independent India is considered only independence when people start living their life in a good manner okay so the next one is related with the property as a seen by the social scientists how the poverty is being seen by the social scientists so definitely there are different indicators that has been determined by the social scientists to look out the poverty so what are those income that indicator used to level of the income level of consumption that is being done by the people along but that did check out the literacy level lack of journalist resistance due to mall malnutrition lack of a sense to health care lack of job opportunity last lack of access to safe drinking water sanitation so along with that they analyzed the poverty on the basis of certain social exclusion and vulnerability okay so what does included in the social exclusion social exclusion means a person is excluded from the society so definitely poverty social exclusion is definitely we can able to say the cause of poverty and even the consequences of the poverty as well because social exclusion means the person is excluded down from the country the person is excluded down from the society the society won't accept him just because he is poor so according to this Kahn's a concept poverty has been termed in the term of poor having to live only in the poor surrounding they are not allowed to live and with the other people who are loving or in a good surrounding so poor people just because they are cold they don't have a basic anima T's they don't have the things to fulfill their basic needs they are not allowed to live with the richer people so they're people who are socially up or socially in high they won't give the Equality to such kind of people they just better off cut down the people from their surrounding so what happened in this definitely the caste system is prevailing here the typical example of car system is given here in your book as well these people does not even get the proper facilities the benefits of opportunity has also been taken from this moreover you can able to take down as social equality is not given to the people who are facing the problem of poverty so what happened in this system that particular person is belonging from the lower caste so we are not going to adjust with that person we are not going to talk with that person because the level of that person is not equal to us that person is belonging to this class so this is the work which is being done by a particular person so the caste system is definitely very hazardous for our country is this very bad for our country because it former promoted only the poverty and it does not result in the betterment of the life of people the second one is related with a one-er ability so what does included and the vulnerability vulnerability definitely is determined by the option available to the different communities for finding alternative living in the terms of asset and education health and job opportunities and further if I talk about it is being analyzed on the basis of greater risk these group faced at the time of natural calamities natural disaster that has considered earthquake tsunami so all such kind of a things is considered on that line actual disasters along with that terrorism is also there so in fact the vulnerability describes the greatest probability of being more adversely affected from other people when bad times came for everybody whether the flood or the earthquake definitely they these people are the one who are facing a lot so which kind of peoples are included their widowed one a socially handicapped one people who belonging from the backward classes all such kind of people are included in this so it just stopped because of discrimination that has done with these people they had to faced a lot of problem in other situation as well even the sometimes the common people are able to face out the problems like natural calamities and the Terrorism as well but these people has to suffer from those as well so how we aren't able to determine this poverty what are the main method which is being used in our country to determine this poverty is definitely we else this coming and the concept of poverty with the help of poverty line a common method used to measure poverty is based on the income and consumption level so a person is considered to be poor if he are his or her income or consumption level falls below the minimum level and necessity he is not able to fulfill the basic needs of life okay so a minimum level is being decided by the government so imaginary @mi every country is using an imaginary line that is considered and appropriate for the existing level of development and accepted the minimum norms or minimum norms is given here and a line of imaginary line is being constructed by each and every country just to check out that whether the person is poor or no okay so so what happened let me give you an example in India if I talk about what in car is a luxury I have a wood car and that is definitely a luxury for me but if I talk about the United State if you don't have a car you will be considered as a poor one you it means you the car is considered as a basic necessity in the United State but in India still it is considered as a luxury if Indian people don't have a car that is quite okay but if the United State people doesn't have a car they are considered to be the poor ever okay so the definitely each and every country has made down this imaginary line by checking out their own people living standard so India has their different marginal line and if I talk about the other countries they have their different imaginary lines so while determining the poverty line in India a minimum level of food requirement clothing footwear food fuel and light education and medical requirement etc are determined subsequently so definitely the present formula of food requirement while estimating the poverty line is based on the desire calorie requirement how much calorie requirement is there that is based on that okay so definitely cereals all their pulses are there in the calories vegetables are there milk is there oil is there sugar is there so I'll cut such kind of a things are included in the different kind of calories and what they accepted accepted average calories of per person in if I talk of in India is 2400 calories definitely in rural area and 2,100 calories in urban area they found that it is very much essential for for people who are in a rural area has to get 2400 calories in per days and if I talk about the urban area it is very much difficult if the person is not getting 20 100 calories in a birthday why it is more for the poorer the rural area and less for the urban area because it is considered that the people who are living in the village has indulged themselves more in the physical activities rather than the urban area the city people does not indulge themselves in the number of physical activities they are just doing work with the mental health or they just want indulge themselves in the physical activities we can able to say okay so that is the reason accepted every cell calories is requirement for the rural area is more venta or buried okay so the next one is definitely related with the poverty line so how much we had fixed out for that if I talk about the calculation that has happened in 2009 and 2010 so poverty line for a person is rupees 673 per month for the rural area if the person in Guler area is earning 673 and per month definitely he is above from the poverty line in India this is the poverty line which is or imaginary line which is being considered down a person must on more than 673 per month in the rural area and if I talk about the urban area so definitely it only consists of eight sixty rupees in the urban area and the per person is earning eight sixty rupees in urban area definitely he is considered above from the poverty line okay so if I talk about two thousand nine and ten a family of five member living in the rural area has earning less than about 3,100 3,100 sixty five per month with be below the poverty line or similar family in the urban area would be need a minimum amount that is for t 300 per month to make the basic requirement this survey is being carried out by the National Sample Survey organization that is known as an SS okay so as we had discussed down about six seventy three rupees address of an individual if I talked about the family one that you have to calculate with the number of numbers they are living in the family so if I talk about the World Bank and even other all the international organization also formed a uniform standard of poverty line that is representing the minimum availability of equivalent for one $5 per person okay look please Rupesh we are not able to considered it as it appears it is considered as a $1 a point person must on in their day-to-day life only then he is considered as above the poverty line so the poverty estimation table and the diagrammatic presentation is given here let us check it once so what does included in the poverty estimation table so the table is definitely 3.1 you've been able to see so from the year 1973 and till the year 2010 estimation data is given here so the estimation of poverty is definitely related with the poverty ratio and the number of who were in the million so definitely it reduces down so after analyzing the table when you read down this paragraph you came to know that the estimation poverty or the poverty is reducing down to the larger extent if we talk about 1973 there in the rural area there is 56.4% and in urban area it is 49 percent but in 2009 and did it decrease down to 34 to 27 okay so the poverty we had able to cope with the poverty we are able to cop up with the people we are able to provide the basic animate ease to the people but still it is prevailing in India as we all are aware it is not like that it is completely exhausted from India it is prevailing in India but it will some extent it reduces down a lot okay so moving further just you have to read down this paragraph to just check out the number so you can able to look out from the table as well nothing else is given in this paragraph moving further now we are going to understand the wanna really be vulnerable groups okay so what does included in the one rebel groups the different groups are being made under this like those first group is representing the social group the second one is representing the economic group definitely the social group means the society the group's at is related with the society economic group agree that the group that is related with the money that is related with consumption of in things with the help that we are able to get up from the money okay so definitely the one a rebel group is means that by making the poverty line we divided the people into two parts we divided the people into two categories the first one is representing the social group which are most vulnerable to the poverty as a shity will cast and shield our household so the main people that is considered we just check out the people from the cast the people of social car is read in curst and shrewd rights are facing more problem of poverty in India in comparative to any other social group but if I talk about the economic group so what does included in the economic group the rural agriculture farmer was there because they don't have a land there no so definitely they are working on their land so that is the reason they are facing a lot of although the average for the pool below the poverty line for all the groups in India is thirty forty eight out of hundred people belonging to the shedule tribes in the rural area are not able to meet up their basic needs and similarly the 47% of casual worker in the urban area are below poverty line and about 50 percent of landless agricultural workers and 43% of shedule caste are also poor so the double disadvantages of the being landless casual wage laborer household in the socially disadvantaged great social group of the shedule caste and Scheduled Tribe was there so if I talk about the people who are facing a problem of poverty is definitely the rural agriculture laborer and urban capital laborers and definitely the shedule Tribes is considered an exceptions were there but number of people that are belonging from this particular a caste is considered to be fall down under the poverty the poverty line or shown to be fall down under the poverty line it is an exception it is not applicable on everyone okay so the reason behind that is definitely the inequality of income inequality of income is representing the same work is done by two people and still one is getting the more income than the other the another person is getting less income and one person is getting more income that is representing that inequality of incomes from the story of Shiva Ram you can able to understand the concept of income inequality in cummick well inequality is representing the two people are doing the same work and still getting the different income and still getting the different mean get-getting from that work okay so what does included in this as this example is also related with the poor family because we are discussing the chapter that is related with the poor poverty so definitely the example in this chapter is with the poor family so she varam lives in the small towns near the Carew town in Tamil Nadu so kuru town is very much famous for the handloom and the powerful ooh fabric and the shiva ram is considered as an cobbler by caste but he is working as an agricultural laborer so but he's working as an agricultural laborer but as a cast she's he is a cobbler but the further an agricultural work he is getting of 50 rupees per days you can able to understand how much less is this income so definitely it is very much difficult for the Shiva Ram to continue with this and even sometimes she he does not get that job as well that is for only five to six months in here fifty rupees per day for just four five to six month in here and his wife shashikala was there she is to working the same work that is being done by the Shiva Ram but she is getting paid only 25 rupees per day now you can able to understand that she varam and shakyla is doing both doing the same work and still getting the difference in the income they have eight family members in their family and Shiva are on 65 year old widow of whom mother is definitely ill she is suffering from their problem but for the family so poor as it is very much difficult for them to cop up with them to give them the medical facilities and her 25 year old sister was there and along with that for children's was there that is from aged between 1 year to 16 year 3 of them was girl and 1's boy but still no one goes to school because they are not able to buy the food for them they are not able to pull out so they can able to buy up the books for them they are not able to get up the luxury for them and for girls at the school going is considered to be a luxury element but she varam want to send his son to the school but as shakeela thought her sister because she is of 25 year old and she is married and she is considered as a burden on the family and she is because she varam and shashikala is not able to find out a perfect bridegroom from the shesh for the for her sister so that is the reason the reason behind is that is definitely the poverty because they are poor so they are not even able to manage the meal for in a date for two times so definitely it is very difficult for him to arrange a bridegroom for him so hope you are clear till here what we discuss down in today's video we had came to know about the poverty we had discussed down how the poverty occurs how the people shall who lives under the poverty line survive in the country horrifically their line is here we discuss down the case study of urban area and the rural area further we came to know about the landless problem laborers unemployment that is occurring in our country size of family along with that we discuss down about the illiteracy the poor health and the malnutrition is the biggest problem along with that we discuss down about child labor and the helplessness which is being faced down by the people here we discuss down the division of the poverty with the help of social exclusion and tolerability and along with that we came to know that a person who is earning 673 rupees per month in the rural area and 860 rupees in the urban area is considered to be above the poverty line and definitely each and every country's poverty line where is down so moving further we came to know about the check out the tabular presentation of the poverty estimation and further we discuss down of one a rebel group that is further divided into two group that is related with the economic group and the social group social group is definitely related with the society and economic group is definitely relate through the income so hope you are cleared till here in the next video we are going to discuss down the further part of this chapter so till then you have to read down the chapter very well and watched on the second part of the video\n"