CLASS 6 SST HISTORY CHP 1 INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY

**The Importance of Studying History**

History is a vital component of our lives, serving as a foundation for understanding the present and navigating towards a better future. In India, studying history plays a crucial role in helping us survive and thrive in today's world. By delving into the past, we gain valuable insights into the cultural diversity, geographical features, and chronological sequences that have shaped our country.

**The Coinage of Ancient Civilizations**

The coinage of ancient civilizations is an essential aspect of understanding India's rich history. The Indus Valley Civilization is one such civilization that played a significant role in shaping the country's past. According to historians, the coin was first introduced by King Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE BCE, representing the period before Common Era. The coins were minted from various materials, including copper and silver, and featured various designs and inscriptions.

**The Roman Coinage**

The Roman Empire also had a significant impact on India's coinage history. The Romans introduced their own system of coinage, which was later adopted by Indian rulers. According to historians, the Romans brought with them advanced techniques for minting coins, which led to the production of high-quality coins. These coins featured various designs and inscriptions, providing valuable information about the Roman Empire's history.

**Oral Sources of History**

Oral sources of history are another crucial aspect of understanding India's past. Oral traditions, myths, stories, and legends have been passed down through generations, providing valuable insights into the country's cultural heritage. These oral sources have played a significant role in shaping India's identity and continue to be an important part of our cultural landscape.

**The Sanchi Stupa**

The Sanchi Stupa, located in Madhya Pradesh, is one of the oldest structures commissioned by King Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE BCE. This monument features inscriptions in the Brahmi script, making it a remarkable specimen of Buddhist and ancient Indian architecture. The Sanchi Stupa represents an important milestone in India's history, showcasing the country's rich cultural heritage.

**Literary Sources**

Literary sources, such as sacred literature, secular literature, and epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata, have played a significant role in shaping India's identity. Sacred literature refers to writings that are considered pure and divine, while secular literature represents worldly knowledge and perspectives. These literary sources continue to be an essential part of our cultural heritage, providing valuable insights into the country's history and values.

**Archaeological Sources**

Archaeological sources, including artifacts such as coins, paintings, poetry, and jewelry, have also played a crucial role in understanding India's past. These objects provide tangible evidence of historical events and cultural practices, offering valuable insights into the country's evolution over time.

**Numismatics**

Numismatics, the study of coinage, is an essential field that helps us understand ancient civilizations' economies and trade systems. The study of coins has revealed significant information about India's past, including its geographical features, cultural diversity, and chronological sequences.

**Conclusion**

In conclusion, studying history is essential for understanding India's rich cultural heritage and navigating towards a better future. By delving into the past, we gain valuable insights into the country's geological features, cultural diversity, and chronological sequences. The various sources of history, including literary, archaeological, and oral sources, have played a significant role in shaping our understanding of the past. As we continue to explore and learn from India's rich history, we must remember the importance of preserving our cultural heritage for future generations.

"WEBVTTKind: captionsLanguage: engood morning students how are you all okay so today we are here to start up a part of history as we had already completed down our civics of first semesters are we can able to say the slavers that it is included in your first term of service so today we are going to switch on the history as the first chapter representing with the introduction of history what does history history world is definitely drive from the word historia which means to inquire or to research something the history something our which we study about the past so history is something which we came to know about from our past are the things which we study Kromah past is mainly considered as an history of history sport really representing the past things which is going on in a country so in this chapter what we are going to discuss down we came to know about the history why there is a need of study of history or what is the need of study our past further we are going to discuss down about the prehistory for the chronological order chronological order is representing to the proper sequence a proper sequence must be there is required when the proper sequence was there like if I talked about I am just talking about my history so I'll start it down with 2014 then I switched to 2018 then I switched to 2016 it is that a proper order you can able to understand that properly no now so the chronological order is something which help us to maintain the sequence and further we are going to discuss down the geographical factors and the literary and archaeology services okay sources are we can able to say that the factors so moving furthers the starting up of the chapter the word history and the prehistory the word history as I told you earlier as well derived from the board historia which means to in ought to research something and definitely the history is about the study of the past to study the past which has already gone down is representing the history and make sure that history must be going on in a proper chronological area order chronological order that means is going on in a proper sequence moving further if I talk about the prehistory prehistory means that we had already discussed down we are aware about the history we are aware about the study of our past that is everything which we found in a written form is representing in the history but if I talk about the prehistory I don't have a written record of anything it is about just a little bit of guesses like I found different tools I found different weapons I found different wounds I found caves caves is representing to the gufa okay so when I found all such kind of things and want to know about that like I found a cave so from that cave I came to know that the life of Buddhism painting Buddha's paintings are there so from that cave I came to know about the Buddha but I don't have written something just because of those caves I came to know about the Buddhas I came to know about the different tools weapons which is being used there invention of wheel and each such kind of thing is included in the prehistory so before starting that what you have to do that you have to read the extract and answer the question which are given below name that to dinosaurs rich countries dinosaurs is also now not available or not present in our country or we can able to say in our world but to the name particularly to dinosaurs rich countries are China and Argentina okay so if I talk about who'd steal the valuable artifacts or from the Archaea archaeological site a poacher is one who steal this face okay so moving further the third one is where are these four self sold so the looter then shall the fossil to the middle man who arranged for them the smuggled out of the country to Europe America Japan and other part of the world where they are sold for the auction houses and antique fairs fossil shows are over the internet so Hopi are clear with answers so but before doing this just redownland okay further if we talk about the second which we are going to discuss down by the study of pastors importance might is that much importance to know but is going on on what had happened in a previous India or a past time period definitely if we are not aware about our past we are not able to prepare properly our future as we all know that so how the past help us definitely just to understand the people and the society just to understand change and how the society will live into King okay so the third one it provides the model understanding material because we came to know that the past people are so much ethical they have their moral values so it provides a model understanding as well and gives us identity along with that it teaches us how to research and analyze the evidence we came to know about the methods of research like when we found a stone we came to find out with the help of research that of particularly about a Stone Age the last one is record the changes that have taken place over a period of time we care free to record the changes which had completed down over a period of time okay so the mainly the timeline is there this is timeline how the timeline is going to be shown down the timeline is definitely enough proper chronological order may it must be in a proper chronological order or we can able to say in a proper sequence now the question arises how we are able to start up a timeline like the people has so much fond of Jesus Christ that has the they make this timeline with the evidence of the birth of Jesus Christ and when the birth of Jesus Christ arise that is represented to one Cee Cee represented to the Common Era and after the birth is written as C E and before the birth we said that before Common Era job Jesus Christ cobertura the one ce-1 Common Era say have Newsline go depict kiya or after the birth we wrote down in the Common Era and before the birth we wrote down before Common Era okay is it clear to you like you can able to see down five hundred thousand fifteen hundred two thousand in the math you have completed down the line number or the number liner so that is the same concept we are using in history just to show the time period so moving further the second we are going to discuss down about the chronology what is chronology chronology is the way events are arranged in according to the order as we had already discussed down here chronological order so chronology is something which we want to place down in a correct sequence like if I talk about you have to write down your detail from birth to 2020 so you have to write that in it chronological order starting from your birth year and till to go in here 2020 okay so the knowledge of the past in the correct order gives us idea what happened first and what happened later if we won't write down everything in a proper sequence it is very difficult for us to understand the things moving further if I talk about the geographical factor geographical as we discussed down in the Civic's as well geographical words related with the location so there are some geographical factors as well which play a very important role in the shaping of the history of the country like we can able to say that the important features of this Indian subcontinent is the vast fertile plain of river Indus and Ganga we came to know about the Indus and Ganga and their tributaries from the histories along with that we came to know about the nearer cities which located near the Indus or Ganga so if I talk about we came to know about the Himalayan mountain range as Himalayan mountain range act as a barrier between the India and Central Asia it act as a barrier barrier that kiddo recovered when a UC connect car named it act as a barrier between India and Central Asia and the various buses in the mountains were there passes with this route so Tina just same Hill higher hop it ticket so here you are free to find out the route to move on in that particular area okay on the particular hilly area so all such kind of a thing that that can ply to you the southern peninsula Platt you River Valley mountains plateaus all such kind of a thing we came to know from I definitely history which we are further using down in a present as well to moving further if I talk about the cultural diversity cultural diversity is also very important as we all know that India is considered as a rich in the culture their cultural values their cultural customs each and everything is being yourself a respected whole / the voide so definitely in history shaping cultural value is something which is very much important so the people definitely traveled from one part to another of the subcontinent to other some travel in search of livelihood while other driver in search of food religious leader travel religious leader means sadhu salt okay certainly religious level traveled just to pursue down there or just to spread their teachings and messages and rules marched with the arms and Khan areas and expand their empires they just moved down from one place to another just to spread the moral values our teachings to the people so further we came to know about the various Mughal rulers and along with that the sheering or the concept of sharing and exchange of idea of tradition like Peter people are moving from one place to another definitely if when job bees if I talk about the Punjabi family Punjabi family goes to Gujarati say they and they came to know about the culture of Gujarat as well even the Gujarati people came to know about the culture of Punjab as well so this is how the sharing and exchange of ideas radition and customer culture is going on or practiced on okay is it clear to you so here is some potion given that you have to do it by yourself the first is representing what is meant by the history what does history is it clear to you all of the term history has been derived from the Greek word historia which means inquiry or research history is the study of past history sir mainly a study of past moving further what is chronology chronologic definitely to arrange something in a particular order or a proper order chronology is the way events are arranged in an according to the order of time so the third one named the following year after the birth of Christ is mainly known as AD Anno Domini the second one is the period from which we have no written record from which we have no written records definitely before the Common Era because if I talked about before Common Era the oral conversation even a little bit people write down on the palm leaves only and most of them were destroyed no paper was there as it is written there Common Era is also known as an O Domini and the before Common Era BCE before Common Era okay so moving further the next one which we are going to discuss down is for how long has the earth existed and since how long have the human lived on it the earth is 4.5 billion year old and human has existed near about almost one leg in 90,000 years ok so moving further the second one which we are going to discuss down is the sources of history what are the main sources of history what are the sources from where we came to know about the history it is not like now from one person came from history and he taught us each and everything it is not the reality definitely we came to know we are aware that our ancestors our forefathers or our previous generation are doing such kind of thing from where we came to know that definitely the three sources are there the first is representing the literature the second one is representing the archaeological and the third one is representing the oral source the word is quite clear to you literature representing with the written form something which we found in a written form okay so like if I talk about Ramayana Mahabharata the way does all such kind of things are included in a literature and the second one that is archaeological archeological representing that I found a particular coin that is used in a ancient India I found a painting I found the poetry I found a jewelry from there I came to know about the people who are living in the past that is representing the archaeological okay moving further the third is representing the oral source oral source means we both are talking and I told you before the birth of you all this is happening in a India that is mouth communication oral sources representing the mouth communication so the literary source as I told you earlier is a written account or in a written form so what happened we got information in the written form about our past that information is related with the social political economic and cultural condition of that particular time period everything which we found is in litter for a written form or we can able to say is it literature form moving further the second one is archeological archaeological definitely representing two objects particular objects which are survived in present time as well in present scenario as well this includes the monuments coins painting sculpture poetry jewelry all such kind of a things which is related with a little bit talent like I found a cave and there the painting goes were made on that from that painting I came to know about the lives of people so this is known as archaeological okay the third one is representing to the oral source the information is passed down from the help of mouth the information is passed down with the help of my own mouth with the help of words like songs myths legend stories so all such kind of a things which does not have any written record is included in this so here you can also able to see that table is before drawing they're the sources of history literature archaeological source and the third one is oral source further the literary source comprises of two part that includes a foreign source and indigenious source and further a foreign source texts of foreign travelers and archaeological source objects like painting coins poetry and jewelry and if I talk about oral source songs myth stories everything is considered as an oral source and if I talk about the indigenous ox sources work of Indian writer that is further divided into second second means to purest form Secord word representing to the purest we are is like if I talk about temple temple is considered as a sacred place okay the second one is representing to the secular literature that has punched on through our Shastra all such kind of a things is included here so now we are going to discuss down all these three elements are all these three sources in detail so hope you are clear with this now so what does it cluded in the literary source definitely the literary source refers to the written record of the past it refers to the written record of the past that something which we found in a written form is considered as a literary source but now we all are aware that people pay per was just introduced in the 13th century but before that what people do we said that the literature is something which is written for the people was introduced in 13th century but the people are living before that as well so what they did they just T take down the palm leaf family I think you all clear knock it buddy sorry leave Ooty that does a palm tree leaf so they take down that and start with a writing on that and that writing of document is also known as manuscripts that documents is known as manuscripts bark of is also used by them okay so they take down the leaf of those trees as well just to write down their thing and if I talk about manuscript word from where it came it came from the Latin word that is menu which means hat it means the thing which is handwritten they don't have printer now they don't have a computer it is not possible for them just to comma give command and take down the printout so the everything which they found is definitely in the handwritten and the drawback for this is some of the palm trees we found the trees leaf and we found our literature but some of the leaves are being eaten by the insect and they all are destroyed and stammel still preserved in the temple reader preserved means keep watching way how many some valkira came okay some of these are still preserved in temples monasteries and the libraries and if I talk about the manuscript manuscript definitely gives us information about each and everything which is going on in the previous India okay further the literary sources can be classified into the indigenous and the foreign source work as we had discussed here that tool sources are further divided the first is representing to the foreign source and the second one is endogenous the forest source and indigenous source definitely indigenous work includes work of Indian writer the writer Indian writer so all the Indian writer which they have brought down is included in their indigenious work and definitely on the contrary if we talk about the foreign writers or the foreign work the foreign people who came to India and write down something is included in the foreign work so example is also given here who - people are came here and write down Magna thesis and find him who was came here and they write down something and that is also included in the records of it and if I talk about the indigenous literature are further divided into two parts the first one is sacred related to literature and the second one is secular literature the sacred literature definitely sacred as I told you earlier as well the purest form perfect record is used as a sacred so though our Vedas are - are maha does all such kind of right things which is based on the religious themes are included in the sacred literature and if I talk about the secular literature secular literature include up the works on grammar science politics and political drama are Shastra by cataleya and the kalidahs writings and the folk tales find some you all are heard all such kind of a word so all such kind of a things are included in the secular literature is it clear to you 'no firstly we had discussed down about the literary source literary source we came to know that others in the written form and the manuscripts are there that the writings of hand writings of people on the palm leaf further we came to know about the indigenious source indigenous source means that written by the Indian writers and the foreign source written means that any foreigner came to India or visit to India and draw something on particular India and moving further the it further it is divided into two parts the works of Indian writer is further divided into two parts the first one is sacred read literature and the second one is secular literature sacred real creatures mean Ramayana Mahabharata that is something related with the religion and if I talk about secular literature that include punch Santosh through poetry drama grammar work all such kind of things are included in the secular work okay so here the magnet is and famine hood the to person as we discussed down as a foreign travelers and he came to India's and write down so they write things or their introduction are given here so you just have to read it once so moving further if I talk about so there are different kinds of script which we are using like the Procrit and Rami are no longer existing scripts but still we found that and in ancient India the heard a Perl script was there that does an example of the historian and still in able to decipher the cipher means the thickest each is cadres karna we found that thing but we are not able to understand that properly what is written on that so here is the question given so named some more literature texts or literature texts as we discuss down is included up here so secular literature texts we just want to discuss down a Shastra by cataleya is there punched hunter folk tales and Natya Shastra chata cartelization everything is included in the secular literature texts who work Italia and Kalitta's during the region rena of which king the denistoun density dead they live cut earlier the author of our Shastra a scholar of political science and economics in the ancient india live during the region of Chandragupta Maurya of the mauryan density and if I talk about Kalidas Kalidas a classical Sanskrit writer or a dramatist poet is believed to have lived during the region of Chandragupta Vikramaditya of the gupta density so they belong both belongs to God good cos if one belongs to the sari Gupta's density and another one is belonging to the Mauryan density okay is it clear to you till here so moving further now we are going to start up our archaeology as I told you earlier the objects like paintings coins portrait or jewelry when we found that all such kind of things are included in our archaeological so-so archaeological source is being done by the or just to who trace the archaeological sources is known as archaeologists who trade trace all such kind of thing is known as archaeologists so what has included their inscription where goes important means of recording information during the past stone tables pillars metal fields such kind of things are being used just to get the information like if I talk about the king the particular kingdom was there so the kingdom the painting or which is done on that Kingdom is representing the story of King that is also being traced down by a archaeologist and that is known as does a study of inscription is known as a peak roughly the study of inscription is known as Fe epigraphy and moving further we found the tools we found a weapons we found the poetry we found a painting sculpture Jewelry buildings and ceiling which curves us information and we are using those information the which stone we found we use the information we collect down the information from that particular source so moving further we found and we study about the grains we study about the plants we study about the bones of animal which we found from our history so after that we came to know about the food and livelihood of the peoples and moving further weak study about the forts temples monuments which are present in the ancient India from there we came to know about the Ashoka pillar and Sanchi stupa so ok all such kind of things a cave painting cave as I told you earlier as well go for the painting which is done on the cave is representing to the cave painting ok so moving further the next one is the study of points as we had already discussed there are no Roman coins as well issuance of coin II who in which King introduced the coin from where the coin is being started coin is started from there is a particular coin age all the steps is further included in another chapters like you have in particular chapter of Indus Valley Civilisation a particular chapter of coinage so all such kind of things which we are going to discuss down in the further chapters as well so it this one is just an introductory chapter the detail shall press the next one so the Roman coins from which King the coin is being introduced all such kind of things we came to know from the fountains of the coins ok so moving further to the last as we discuss down the oral source oral source definitely the source we we found with the help of speaking skill like we two people are speaking and you get information from me that is considered as an oral soon songs myths stories all such kind of a things are included in the oral sue okay so what do you understand from this but before giving the conclusion just look at this identify the monument so this monument says up with this to be hard at Sanchi where it is located as we discuss down it's located in the San chief madhya pradesh why it is considered important because it is the oldest structure that was commissioned by the King Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE BCE representing to the before Common Era because it is before the birth of Jesus Christ ok so to write down the two important characteristics of this monument the Sofia has inscription in the Brahmi it is remarkable specimen and of the Buddhist and I architectures of the early modern period so here are questions as well given so what are the two main sources of studying the past definitely the literature archaeology and if they discuss down the three the third one is oral source what are literary source what is literary source or vertebrate resource literary source refers to the written record of the past that something which we found in a written form is representing to the literary source but our archaeological source archaeological source definitely the study of material remain in the past known as archaeology and person who study is known as archaeologist and archaeological source further consists of the objects like painting coins poetry and jewelry okay so moving further the next one is sewed define numismatics the study of coin is known as Numis methods so is it clear to you all so what we discuss down or what is the conclusion of this that the importance of history is prevailing in our India just to survive in a better way in present time period we'd gone to know or we must have aware about a history as well the past history which we are discussing in our present time we came to know about all about all such kind of dream from the various sources that is literature archeology and the oral sources ok so what we discuss down in this chapter first of it the starting we started down about the history and the prehistory history some things to study about the past and prehistory representing that has no written record no written record was there we just taking the guess from there particularly thing whether we came to know about why the yesterday of past is that much important further we came to know about this timeline before Common Era and Common Era or after Common Era that we considered ok so moving further if I talk about the chronological everything that is going on a sequence or particular sequence or in chronological order or I studied the past in such a way that it is first you down in a correct order further I came to know about the geographical features that first features that is related with the particular location and after that the cultural diversity that is being discussed by us and after that we discussed down the various sources of history three sources are there the literary source archeology and or the literary source further divided into foreign source and indigenous foreign source the for nurse came in India and write down something and indigenious source the work done by the Indian peoples and indigenious sources are further divided into two parts the first is representing to the sacred literature sacred related literature means that the literature witters which is considered as in a purest form like ramayana mahabharata or Vedas and secular literature representing to the punch Tantra our Shastra okay so if I talk about the archaeological source our logical source included up the objects like painting coins in poetry and jewelry on the contrary if I talk about the oral source oral sources just representing the source which I gave get from the communication oil delivered from the mark so hope you are clear with it so this is the Desa fuhrer of the roman stone is given roasted stone is there so you just have to read it once so this is all about the chapter now you have to do what you have to do is just read down the chapter carefully and after that complete down the exercise which is given at the end of the chapter and try to solve it by ourselves without the help of any other persongood morning students how are you all okay so today we are here to start up a part of history as we had already completed down our civics of first semesters are we can able to say the slavers that it is included in your first term of service so today we are going to switch on the history as the first chapter representing with the introduction of history what does history history world is definitely drive from the word historia which means to inquire or to research something the history something our which we study about the past so history is something which we came to know about from our past are the things which we study Kromah past is mainly considered as an history of history sport really representing the past things which is going on in a country so in this chapter what we are going to discuss down we came to know about the history why there is a need of study of history or what is the need of study our past further we are going to discuss down about the prehistory for the chronological order chronological order is representing to the proper sequence a proper sequence must be there is required when the proper sequence was there like if I talked about I am just talking about my history so I'll start it down with 2014 then I switched to 2018 then I switched to 2016 it is that a proper order you can able to understand that properly no now so the chronological order is something which help us to maintain the sequence and further we are going to discuss down the geographical factors and the literary and archaeology services okay sources are we can able to say that the factors so moving furthers the starting up of the chapter the word history and the prehistory the word history as I told you earlier as well derived from the board historia which means to in ought to research something and definitely the history is about the study of the past to study the past which has already gone down is representing the history and make sure that history must be going on in a proper chronological area order chronological order that means is going on in a proper sequence moving further if I talk about the prehistory prehistory means that we had already discussed down we are aware about the history we are aware about the study of our past that is everything which we found in a written form is representing in the history but if I talk about the prehistory I don't have a written record of anything it is about just a little bit of guesses like I found different tools I found different weapons I found different wounds I found caves caves is representing to the gufa okay so when I found all such kind of things and want to know about that like I found a cave so from that cave I came to know that the life of Buddhism painting Buddha's paintings are there so from that cave I came to know about the Buddha but I don't have written something just because of those caves I came to know about the Buddhas I came to know about the different tools weapons which is being used there invention of wheel and each such kind of thing is included in the prehistory so before starting that what you have to do that you have to read the extract and answer the question which are given below name that to dinosaurs rich countries dinosaurs is also now not available or not present in our country or we can able to say in our world but to the name particularly to dinosaurs rich countries are China and Argentina okay so if I talk about who'd steal the valuable artifacts or from the Archaea archaeological site a poacher is one who steal this face okay so moving further the third one is where are these four self sold so the looter then shall the fossil to the middle man who arranged for them the smuggled out of the country to Europe America Japan and other part of the world where they are sold for the auction houses and antique fairs fossil shows are over the internet so Hopi are clear with answers so but before doing this just redownland okay further if we talk about the second which we are going to discuss down by the study of pastors importance might is that much importance to know but is going on on what had happened in a previous India or a past time period definitely if we are not aware about our past we are not able to prepare properly our future as we all know that so how the past help us definitely just to understand the people and the society just to understand change and how the society will live into King okay so the third one it provides the model understanding material because we came to know that the past people are so much ethical they have their moral values so it provides a model understanding as well and gives us identity along with that it teaches us how to research and analyze the evidence we came to know about the methods of research like when we found a stone we came to find out with the help of research that of particularly about a Stone Age the last one is record the changes that have taken place over a period of time we care free to record the changes which had completed down over a period of time okay so the mainly the timeline is there this is timeline how the timeline is going to be shown down the timeline is definitely enough proper chronological order may it must be in a proper chronological order or we can able to say in a proper sequence now the question arises how we are able to start up a timeline like the people has so much fond of Jesus Christ that has the they make this timeline with the evidence of the birth of Jesus Christ and when the birth of Jesus Christ arise that is represented to one Cee Cee represented to the Common Era and after the birth is written as C E and before the birth we said that before Common Era job Jesus Christ cobertura the one ce-1 Common Era say have Newsline go depict kiya or after the birth we wrote down in the Common Era and before the birth we wrote down before Common Era okay is it clear to you like you can able to see down five hundred thousand fifteen hundred two thousand in the math you have completed down the line number or the number liner so that is the same concept we are using in history just to show the time period so moving further the second we are going to discuss down about the chronology what is chronology chronology is the way events are arranged in according to the order as we had already discussed down here chronological order so chronology is something which we want to place down in a correct sequence like if I talk about you have to write down your detail from birth to 2020 so you have to write that in it chronological order starting from your birth year and till to go in here 2020 okay so the knowledge of the past in the correct order gives us idea what happened first and what happened later if we won't write down everything in a proper sequence it is very difficult for us to understand the things moving further if I talk about the geographical factor geographical as we discussed down in the Civic's as well geographical words related with the location so there are some geographical factors as well which play a very important role in the shaping of the history of the country like we can able to say that the important features of this Indian subcontinent is the vast fertile plain of river Indus and Ganga we came to know about the Indus and Ganga and their tributaries from the histories along with that we came to know about the nearer cities which located near the Indus or Ganga so if I talk about we came to know about the Himalayan mountain range as Himalayan mountain range act as a barrier between the India and Central Asia it act as a barrier barrier that kiddo recovered when a UC connect car named it act as a barrier between India and Central Asia and the various buses in the mountains were there passes with this route so Tina just same Hill higher hop it ticket so here you are free to find out the route to move on in that particular area okay on the particular hilly area so all such kind of a thing that that can ply to you the southern peninsula Platt you River Valley mountains plateaus all such kind of a thing we came to know from I definitely history which we are further using down in a present as well to moving further if I talk about the cultural diversity cultural diversity is also very important as we all know that India is considered as a rich in the culture their cultural values their cultural customs each and everything is being yourself a respected whole / the voide so definitely in history shaping cultural value is something which is very much important so the people definitely traveled from one part to another of the subcontinent to other some travel in search of livelihood while other driver in search of food religious leader travel religious leader means sadhu salt okay certainly religious level traveled just to pursue down there or just to spread their teachings and messages and rules marched with the arms and Khan areas and expand their empires they just moved down from one place to another just to spread the moral values our teachings to the people so further we came to know about the various Mughal rulers and along with that the sheering or the concept of sharing and exchange of idea of tradition like Peter people are moving from one place to another definitely if when job bees if I talk about the Punjabi family Punjabi family goes to Gujarati say they and they came to know about the culture of Gujarat as well even the Gujarati people came to know about the culture of Punjab as well so this is how the sharing and exchange of ideas radition and customer culture is going on or practiced on okay is it clear to you so here is some potion given that you have to do it by yourself the first is representing what is meant by the history what does history is it clear to you all of the term history has been derived from the Greek word historia which means inquiry or research history is the study of past history sir mainly a study of past moving further what is chronology chronologic definitely to arrange something in a particular order or a proper order chronology is the way events are arranged in an according to the order of time so the third one named the following year after the birth of Christ is mainly known as AD Anno Domini the second one is the period from which we have no written record from which we have no written records definitely before the Common Era because if I talked about before Common Era the oral conversation even a little bit people write down on the palm leaves only and most of them were destroyed no paper was there as it is written there Common Era is also known as an O Domini and the before Common Era BCE before Common Era okay so moving further the next one which we are going to discuss down is for how long has the earth existed and since how long have the human lived on it the earth is 4.5 billion year old and human has existed near about almost one leg in 90,000 years ok so moving further the second one which we are going to discuss down is the sources of history what are the main sources of history what are the sources from where we came to know about the history it is not like now from one person came from history and he taught us each and everything it is not the reality definitely we came to know we are aware that our ancestors our forefathers or our previous generation are doing such kind of thing from where we came to know that definitely the three sources are there the first is representing the literature the second one is representing the archaeological and the third one is representing the oral source the word is quite clear to you literature representing with the written form something which we found in a written form okay so like if I talk about Ramayana Mahabharata the way does all such kind of things are included in a literature and the second one that is archaeological archeological representing that I found a particular coin that is used in a ancient India I found a painting I found the poetry I found a jewelry from there I came to know about the people who are living in the past that is representing the archaeological okay moving further the third is representing the oral source oral source means we both are talking and I told you before the birth of you all this is happening in a India that is mouth communication oral sources representing the mouth communication so the literary source as I told you earlier is a written account or in a written form so what happened we got information in the written form about our past that information is related with the social political economic and cultural condition of that particular time period everything which we found is in litter for a written form or we can able to say is it literature form moving further the second one is archeological archaeological definitely representing two objects particular objects which are survived in present time as well in present scenario as well this includes the monuments coins painting sculpture poetry jewelry all such kind of a things which is related with a little bit talent like I found a cave and there the painting goes were made on that from that painting I came to know about the lives of people so this is known as archaeological okay the third one is representing to the oral source the information is passed down from the help of mouth the information is passed down with the help of my own mouth with the help of words like songs myths legend stories so all such kind of a things which does not have any written record is included in this so here you can also able to see that table is before drawing they're the sources of history literature archaeological source and the third one is oral source further the literary source comprises of two part that includes a foreign source and indigenious source and further a foreign source texts of foreign travelers and archaeological source objects like painting coins poetry and jewelry and if I talk about oral source songs myth stories everything is considered as an oral source and if I talk about the indigenous ox sources work of Indian writer that is further divided into second second means to purest form Secord word representing to the purest we are is like if I talk about temple temple is considered as a sacred place okay the second one is representing to the secular literature that has punched on through our Shastra all such kind of a things is included here so now we are going to discuss down all these three elements are all these three sources in detail so hope you are clear with this now so what does it cluded in the literary source definitely the literary source refers to the written record of the past it refers to the written record of the past that something which we found in a written form is considered as a literary source but now we all are aware that people pay per was just introduced in the 13th century but before that what people do we said that the literature is something which is written for the people was introduced in 13th century but the people are living before that as well so what they did they just T take down the palm leaf family I think you all clear knock it buddy sorry leave Ooty that does a palm tree leaf so they take down that and start with a writing on that and that writing of document is also known as manuscripts that documents is known as manuscripts bark of is also used by them okay so they take down the leaf of those trees as well just to write down their thing and if I talk about manuscript word from where it came it came from the Latin word that is menu which means hat it means the thing which is handwritten they don't have printer now they don't have a computer it is not possible for them just to comma give command and take down the printout so the everything which they found is definitely in the handwritten and the drawback for this is some of the palm trees we found the trees leaf and we found our literature but some of the leaves are being eaten by the insect and they all are destroyed and stammel still preserved in the temple reader preserved means keep watching way how many some valkira came okay some of these are still preserved in temples monasteries and the libraries and if I talk about the manuscript manuscript definitely gives us information about each and everything which is going on in the previous India okay further the literary sources can be classified into the indigenous and the foreign source work as we had discussed here that tool sources are further divided the first is representing to the foreign source and the second one is endogenous the forest source and indigenous source definitely indigenous work includes work of Indian writer the writer Indian writer so all the Indian writer which they have brought down is included in their indigenious work and definitely on the contrary if we talk about the foreign writers or the foreign work the foreign people who came to India and write down something is included in the foreign work so example is also given here who - people are came here and write down Magna thesis and find him who was came here and they write down something and that is also included in the records of it and if I talk about the indigenous literature are further divided into two parts the first one is sacred related to literature and the second one is secular literature the sacred literature definitely sacred as I told you earlier as well the purest form perfect record is used as a sacred so though our Vedas are - are maha does all such kind of right things which is based on the religious themes are included in the sacred literature and if I talk about the secular literature secular literature include up the works on grammar science politics and political drama are Shastra by cataleya and the kalidahs writings and the folk tales find some you all are heard all such kind of a word so all such kind of a things are included in the secular literature is it clear to you 'no firstly we had discussed down about the literary source literary source we came to know that others in the written form and the manuscripts are there that the writings of hand writings of people on the palm leaf further we came to know about the indigenious source indigenous source means that written by the Indian writers and the foreign source written means that any foreigner came to India or visit to India and draw something on particular India and moving further the it further it is divided into two parts the works of Indian writer is further divided into two parts the first one is sacred read literature and the second one is secular literature sacred real creatures mean Ramayana Mahabharata that is something related with the religion and if I talk about secular literature that include punch Santosh through poetry drama grammar work all such kind of things are included in the secular work okay so here the magnet is and famine hood the to person as we discussed down as a foreign travelers and he came to India's and write down so they write things or their introduction are given here so you just have to read it once so moving further if I talk about so there are different kinds of script which we are using like the Procrit and Rami are no longer existing scripts but still we found that and in ancient India the heard a Perl script was there that does an example of the historian and still in able to decipher the cipher means the thickest each is cadres karna we found that thing but we are not able to understand that properly what is written on that so here is the question given so named some more literature texts or literature texts as we discuss down is included up here so secular literature texts we just want to discuss down a Shastra by cataleya is there punched hunter folk tales and Natya Shastra chata cartelization everything is included in the secular literature texts who work Italia and Kalitta's during the region rena of which king the denistoun density dead they live cut earlier the author of our Shastra a scholar of political science and economics in the ancient india live during the region of Chandragupta Maurya of the mauryan density and if I talk about Kalidas Kalidas a classical Sanskrit writer or a dramatist poet is believed to have lived during the region of Chandragupta Vikramaditya of the gupta density so they belong both belongs to God good cos if one belongs to the sari Gupta's density and another one is belonging to the Mauryan density okay is it clear to you till here so moving further now we are going to start up our archaeology as I told you earlier the objects like paintings coins portrait or jewelry when we found that all such kind of things are included in our archaeological so-so archaeological source is being done by the or just to who trace the archaeological sources is known as archaeologists who trade trace all such kind of thing is known as archaeologists so what has included their inscription where goes important means of recording information during the past stone tables pillars metal fields such kind of things are being used just to get the information like if I talk about the king the particular kingdom was there so the kingdom the painting or which is done on that Kingdom is representing the story of King that is also being traced down by a archaeologist and that is known as does a study of inscription is known as a peak roughly the study of inscription is known as Fe epigraphy and moving further we found the tools we found a weapons we found the poetry we found a painting sculpture Jewelry buildings and ceiling which curves us information and we are using those information the which stone we found we use the information we collect down the information from that particular source so moving further we found and we study about the grains we study about the plants we study about the bones of animal which we found from our history so after that we came to know about the food and livelihood of the peoples and moving further weak study about the forts temples monuments which are present in the ancient India from there we came to know about the Ashoka pillar and Sanchi stupa so ok all such kind of things a cave painting cave as I told you earlier as well go for the painting which is done on the cave is representing to the cave painting ok so moving further the next one is the study of points as we had already discussed there are no Roman coins as well issuance of coin II who in which King introduced the coin from where the coin is being started coin is started from there is a particular coin age all the steps is further included in another chapters like you have in particular chapter of Indus Valley Civilisation a particular chapter of coinage so all such kind of things which we are going to discuss down in the further chapters as well so it this one is just an introductory chapter the detail shall press the next one so the Roman coins from which King the coin is being introduced all such kind of things we came to know from the fountains of the coins ok so moving further to the last as we discuss down the oral source oral source definitely the source we we found with the help of speaking skill like we two people are speaking and you get information from me that is considered as an oral soon songs myths stories all such kind of a things are included in the oral sue okay so what do you understand from this but before giving the conclusion just look at this identify the monument so this monument says up with this to be hard at Sanchi where it is located as we discuss down it's located in the San chief madhya pradesh why it is considered important because it is the oldest structure that was commissioned by the King Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE BCE representing to the before Common Era because it is before the birth of Jesus Christ ok so to write down the two important characteristics of this monument the Sofia has inscription in the Brahmi it is remarkable specimen and of the Buddhist and I architectures of the early modern period so here are questions as well given so what are the two main sources of studying the past definitely the literature archaeology and if they discuss down the three the third one is oral source what are literary source what is literary source or vertebrate resource literary source refers to the written record of the past that something which we found in a written form is representing to the literary source but our archaeological source archaeological source definitely the study of material remain in the past known as archaeology and person who study is known as archaeologist and archaeological source further consists of the objects like painting coins poetry and jewelry okay so moving further the next one is sewed define numismatics the study of coin is known as Numis methods so is it clear to you all so what we discuss down or what is the conclusion of this that the importance of history is prevailing in our India just to survive in a better way in present time period we'd gone to know or we must have aware about a history as well the past history which we are discussing in our present time we came to know about all about all such kind of dream from the various sources that is literature archeology and the oral sources ok so what we discuss down in this chapter first of it the starting we started down about the history and the prehistory history some things to study about the past and prehistory representing that has no written record no written record was there we just taking the guess from there particularly thing whether we came to know about why the yesterday of past is that much important further we came to know about this timeline before Common Era and Common Era or after Common Era that we considered ok so moving further if I talk about the chronological everything that is going on a sequence or particular sequence or in chronological order or I studied the past in such a way that it is first you down in a correct order further I came to know about the geographical features that first features that is related with the particular location and after that the cultural diversity that is being discussed by us and after that we discussed down the various sources of history three sources are there the literary source archeology and or the literary source further divided into foreign source and indigenous foreign source the for nurse came in India and write down something and indigenious source the work done by the Indian peoples and indigenious sources are further divided into two parts the first is representing to the sacred literature sacred related literature means that the literature witters which is considered as in a purest form like ramayana mahabharata or Vedas and secular literature representing to the punch Tantra our Shastra okay so if I talk about the archaeological source our logical source included up the objects like painting coins in poetry and jewelry on the contrary if I talk about the oral source oral sources just representing the source which I gave get from the communication oil delivered from the mark so hope you are clear with it so this is the Desa fuhrer of the roman stone is given roasted stone is there so you just have to read it once so this is all about the chapter now you have to do what you have to do is just read down the chapter carefully and after that complete down the exercise which is given at the end of the chapter and try to solve it by ourselves without the help of any other person\n"