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**Understanding Voltage and Resistance**

When it comes to building LED circuits, understanding voltage and resistance is crucial. In this article, we will explore the importance of voltage and resistance in LED circuits and how to use Ohm's law to calculate resistor values.

**Series vs Parallel Circuits**

In an LED circuit, the voltage of the power source and the load (in this case, an LED) are represented on opposite sides of a diagram. The left side is the voltage of our power source and the right side is the voltage of our load. We can see that the voltage of the resistor must be 5.8 volts to solve the equation.

**Calculating Resistor Values**

To calculate the value of a resistor, we use Ohm's law: resistance equals voltage divided by current. Since the LED and resistor are connected in series, the 20 milliamps will also flow through the resistor. By plugging in the values, we get 5.8 Vol / 0.02 m = 290 ohms.

**Resistor Ratings**

Another rating for resistors is power. A common rating is a quart watt resistor, which heats up with a power of 5.8 volts multiplied by 0.02 amps, equaling 0.116 Watts. It's essential to note that overloading a resistor can lead to it overheating.

**Series vs Parallel LEDs**

When building multiple LEDs in series, we want to ensure that each LED receives the same voltage drop across it. However, since there is a variation in forward voltage, this becomes more complex. One solution is to measure when 20 milliamps flow through each LED, as they all want the same current.

**Driving LEDs with Constant Current**

Instead of using constant voltage mode, driving LEDs with constant current is often a better approach. This can be achieved using a simple constant current source or a dedicated driver like the TL-5940. However, this will be a subject for another video.

**Never Trust Manufacturer Ratings**

Manufacturers often provide ratings for their components, but these ratings may not always be accurate. For example, a 3.2V-rated LED may actually draw more current than 20 milliamps.

**Using Resistors to Linearize Current Consumption**

To linearize the current consumption of LEDs, we can use a small resistor in series with the LED. This way, voltage changes do not affect the LED as much.

**Example Circuit: Mopit Mod Video**

In my mopit mod video, I used a simple circuit with multiple LEDs in parallel and one power resistor to limit the current. While this solution works for me, it has been criticized by others, who argue that using separate resistors for each LED would be better. However, for my specific application, using a single resistor was easier and sufficient.

**Conclusion**

In conclusion, understanding voltage and resistance is essential for building effective LED circuits. By using Ohm's law to calculate resistor values and considering the specific requirements of each component, we can create efficient and reliable LED circuits.

WEBVTTKind: captionsLanguage: enif you watch my videos then you know I love LEDs like every second video involves them but there's been some questions and comments on how to use them properly and sometimes I don't even handle them the correct way so today I will tell you how easy it can be and how difficult it can get to handle LED properly so let's get started first of all the beginner's tutorial for example you buy your LEDs on Amazon or Ebay or elsewhere often there exists no data sheet for them which is a shame but there are two important parameters which are always given the forward voltage which is 3.2 volts and the current they need to light up ideal which is 20 milliamps now you've got your power source for example a 12vt acid battery or button cells or in my case a 9vt battery the simplified circuit to light up a LED looks like this if we would not use a resistor the LED would die faster than you can say well so what value does the resistor need kof's voltage law gives the answer the voltage sum in a closed Network must be zero on the left side is the voltage of our power source and the right side is the voltage of our load and I think everyone sees that the voltage of the resistor must be 5.8 volts to solve the equation then you can just calculate the value for the resistor by Ohm's law resistance equals voltage / by current and since the LED and resistor are connected in series the 20 milliamps will also flow through the resistor so 5.8 Vol / 0.02 m equals 29 ohms two of those 150 ohm resistors in series will work fine when you don't have the correct value then use a bigger one like I did with 300 ohm another rating for the resistor is power those are a quar watt resistors we heat them up with a power of 5.8 volts multiplied by 0.02 amps which equals 0.116 Watts since 0.116 wat is smaller than 0.25 wats everything is fine if you overload your resistor then it might look somehow like this now you want to light up two of your LEDs you could build the same resistor LED combination in parallel but that is a waste of power just put the two LEDs in series and repeat the same calculation process this time we only have a voltage drop of 2.6 Volt across the resistor a resistor value of 130 ohms and a power loss of 0.052 wats we got twice the light and half of the wasted power that is awesome but we do not have enough voltage to put three in serus the LEDs will be darker this way which brings us to the advanced territory first of all never trust a manufacturer it says 3.2 volts but the LED draws way more current than 20 milliamps 3vt as a forward voltage is much more precise let's imagine you have a 3.3 volt power source and the blue LED with a 4w voltage of 3.3 volts so you don't need a resistor right well it does work but it is not a good style when we record the characteristic line of the LED you can see that the current consumption as send exponential which means when you have a small voltage change in your power source it can destroy all your LED D in that case try using a small resistor to linearize the current consumption this way voltage changes do not affect your LEDs that much let's take a look at this circuit I used in my mopit mod video you can see I have solded a lot of LEDs in parallel and just used one power resistor to limit the current and this guy right here criticized this a lot and he is right maybe a bit over dramatic but still right and here's why even though the 4V voltage should always be 3vt with those LEDs it is not every LED is different and here in my case the 4 voltage varies between 2.9 volt and 3.1 volts with this many LEDs in parallel it is not possible to use one big resistor because all of those want a different voltage level so I calculated with the average and always went a bit bigger with the resistance value that means in this example that those with less forward voltage will get more current than the others which means they will die sooner and the others have to endure more current which make things just more terrible but to my defense it is always effort versus benefits and since I was using so many LEDs it was just the easier solution which will probably last long enough let's go back to the two LEDs in series since since there exists A variation in the forward voltage this gets more complex as well the easiest solution for this is to just measure when 20 milliamps flow because the voltage of those always varies a bit but they all want those 20 milliamps and that is actually the best way to drive LEDs not in a constant voltage mode but a constant current mode you can build a simple constant current source with a LM 317 and a resistor here's the schematic even though this works the efficiency is quite horrible the tlz 5940 is also a popular example of a constant current driver but this will be a subject in another video for now this should be enough I hope you like this subject please support my videos by sharing them and please don't forget to like stay creative and I will see you next timeif you watch my videos then you know I love LEDs like every second video involves them but there's been some questions and comments on how to use them properly and sometimes I don't even handle them the correct way so today I will tell you how easy it can be and how difficult it can get to handle LED properly so let's get started first of all the beginner's tutorial for example you buy your LEDs on Amazon or Ebay or elsewhere often there exists no data sheet for them which is a shame but there are two important parameters which are always given the forward voltage which is 3.2 volts and the current they need to light up ideal which is 20 milliamps now you've got your power source for example a 12vt acid battery or button cells or in my case a 9vt battery the simplified circuit to light up a LED looks like this if we would not use a resistor the LED would die faster than you can say well so what value does the resistor need kof's voltage law gives the answer the voltage sum in a closed Network must be zero on the left side is the voltage of our power source and the right side is the voltage of our load and I think everyone sees that the voltage of the resistor must be 5.8 volts to solve the equation then you can just calculate the value for the resistor by Ohm's law resistance equals voltage / by current and since the LED and resistor are connected in series the 20 milliamps will also flow through the resistor so 5.8 Vol / 0.02 m equals 29 ohms two of those 150 ohm resistors in series will work fine when you don't have the correct value then use a bigger one like I did with 300 ohm another rating for the resistor is power those are a quar watt resistors we heat them up with a power of 5.8 volts multiplied by 0.02 amps which equals 0.116 Watts since 0.116 wat is smaller than 0.25 wats everything is fine if you overload your resistor then it might look somehow like this now you want to light up two of your LEDs you could build the same resistor LED combination in parallel but that is a waste of power just put the two LEDs in series and repeat the same calculation process this time we only have a voltage drop of 2.6 Volt across the resistor a resistor value of 130 ohms and a power loss of 0.052 wats we got twice the light and half of the wasted power that is awesome but we do not have enough voltage to put three in serus the LEDs will be darker this way which brings us to the advanced territory first of all never trust a manufacturer it says 3.2 volts but the LED draws way more current than 20 milliamps 3vt as a forward voltage is much more precise let's imagine you have a 3.3 volt power source and the blue LED with a 4w voltage of 3.3 volts so you don't need a resistor right well it does work but it is not a good style when we record the characteristic line of the LED you can see that the current consumption as send exponential which means when you have a small voltage change in your power source it can destroy all your LED D in that case try using a small resistor to linearize the current consumption this way voltage changes do not affect your LEDs that much let's take a look at this circuit I used in my mopit mod video you can see I have solded a lot of LEDs in parallel and just used one power resistor to limit the current and this guy right here criticized this a lot and he is right maybe a bit over dramatic but still right and here's why even though the 4V voltage should always be 3vt with those LEDs it is not every LED is different and here in my case the 4 voltage varies between 2.9 volt and 3.1 volts with this many LEDs in parallel it is not possible to use one big resistor because all of those want a different voltage level so I calculated with the average and always went a bit bigger with the resistance value that means in this example that those with less forward voltage will get more current than the others which means they will die sooner and the others have to endure more current which make things just more terrible but to my defense it is always effort versus benefits and since I was using so many LEDs it was just the easier solution which will probably last long enough let's go back to the two LEDs in series since since there exists A variation in the forward voltage this gets more complex as well the easiest solution for this is to just measure when 20 milliamps flow because the voltage of those always varies a bit but they all want those 20 milliamps and that is actually the best way to drive LEDs not in a constant voltage mode but a constant current mode you can build a simple constant current source with a LM 317 and a resistor here's the schematic even though this works the efficiency is quite horrible the tlz 5940 is also a popular example of a constant current driver but this will be a subject in another video for now this should be enough I hope you like this subject please support my videos by sharing them and please don't forget to like stay creative and I will see you next time