CLASS 8 SUB SST CHP 2 NATURAL RESOURCES LAND SOIL AND WATER 1

**Ways to Conserve Water**

The first point is related with waste water should be reused and stored for use in the dry season when there was a dry season so definitely the water that is being wasted down that must be uses down again. So we must have the facility of reuse of the water in the area.

Another one is related with water must be diverted from the surplus region to the region having a shortfall of the water. One area that has a surplus amount of water, so that water is must be replaced down to the another one where is the shortage of the water. So the replacement is very much essential for that.

Further the rain water harvesting in which the rain water is collected and stored for the use of the dry season. It should be saved water. So definitely the rain water harvesting must be included down where the water from that we get from the rain must be storage down and further that water is used down for the usage of the necessary things or water.

Further we use down when there was a dry season. Or we don't have a plenty of water to take down. The sprinkles should be used for the irrigation the field as a use of less water. So water for the irrigation purpose must be used in a very wise manner it is not like that we are continuously wasting our water.

A plenty of water is being wasted down in the irrigation activities as well. So when we are using the water for the irrigation activity so it is our duty to check out that it should be used in a very wise manner. The canal running through the field should be properly linked on a link with the lined with the prevent water for the seeping and rip or trickle irrigation should be used dry a region to save water.

So these kind of practices must be used down in the irrigation activities so that we can able to save our water.

The another one is related with the forced forest covered should be increased to retain and improve the level of ground water. More or more forest is required down so that the groundwater is being used down or utilized down in a better way.

The containment of water voltage due to human activity should be checked and this can be done by treating the industrial and domestic waste before releasing them into the waste bodies. Richard we all are completely aware that industrial waste or the domestic waste, the waste directly goes into the water borders so that must be check out very carefully that human activities that is creating now that is resulting down in the pollution of the water.

That the water pollution that must be ignored one. So the no human activities will be done like that is the store uh throwage of the water wastage into the water so these kind of practices must be checked out each and everything very carefully and it must be stopped down.

More trees should be planted as they help in retaining water, reducing surface runoff and recharging ground water table. We always heard that we need to plant more and more trees what is the reason for that. It is actually helpful for us in lot many things that include us to live up. It provides us a better environment and along with that of water ground water stability will be rises down there.

**Ocean, Water Cycle, Demand, Scarcity**

What percentage of water exists in the ocean seas glacier and ice caps? 97 percent of water is included down in the oceans and seas and the remaining three percent fresh water out of which two percent exist in the frozen form as a glacier and ice cap.

The water cycle refers to the continuous movement of water between the hydrosphere atmosphere lithosphere in which the water change its physical state however the total amount of water on the earth's surface remains the same.

There is an increasing demand for water why the water demand is increasing down on the regular basis. Because we all are completely aware that the water is used down in a continuous basis as the population is growing on the regular basis. So the usage of water is very much essential because it is used in the domestic chores as well along with that agriculture activity is dependent on this. The industrial activity is dependent on this. The power generation is dependent on this. That is the reason the demand for water is increasing day by day.

The causes of scarcity of water. Just may be due to the inadequate rainfall over the consumption is the main reason of the scarcity of the water. So, richard.

"WEBVTTKind: captionsLanguage: engood morning students how are you all so today we are here to start up with our new chapter that does natural resources land soil and water as we know that natural resources are directly relate with the nature because the word natural is arrived from the nature so every resource which we get got from the nature relates with the natural resources and from that included soil water land and air these four elements are quite essential for a human to live a life in a peaceful and a secured manner so before starting the topic just look at this extract that is related with the land pollution so what you do read this extract and after reading that extract you have to discuss the last two question what does the land pollution land pollution is the due to deterioration of the earth's land surface area often directly or indirectly as a result of man activities and the misuse of land resources state two factors due to which it occurs it occurs when waste material are not disposed properly or when human throw chemical on the soil in the form of pesticides insecticides and fertilizers during the agriculture practices now further now we are going to start up with our first resource that is land resource as we know that land is an essential resource and support all forms of life but we have only 29 of our surface rest of the 70 71 percent is covered with the water and out of that 29 just 30 percent is fit for the human habitation and economic activities so you can able to understand how less area we have to fit for the survival the rest of the part is covered under the cold climate steep mountains deserty area hot desserty area so for the exact survival we have only 30 percent of that 29 percent of our surface area so look at this find out the name of some of the most separately populated area of the world the names are already written here that are iceland australia french etc number of states came under number of countries came under this so moving further the land use as we want to use the land for the different purposes here we are going to discuss about the different purposes that we are going to use our land definitely we use our land for agriculture we use our land for grazing we used our land for making up or establishing the bigger industries we use our land for the mining activities as well so moving further now we are going to discuss about the different factor that determine the land use the first one is topography the second one is climate third one is a quality and thickness of soil we are discussing about the land use and these are the main determining factors that included for the use of land availability of water and mineral after that the size of population in moving further the last one is availability of technology and capital before using the land we have checked out all such factors are necessary for the establishment of any kind of activities or for the fulfillment of any kind of activity on a land so what percentage of land in the world is used for the agriculture approx 11 of the globe total surface is used for the crop production so there are two types of land the first one is private land and the second one is community online private land definitely relates with an individual of individual person has the authority to con take a control over the land and community land represents to the land that represents to the whole community in this a community park community centers all such kind of things are included on such kind of a thing the whole community have an equal right so the change in the land battle there are number of changes that occur in the land use pattern as we humans are living on the land so we are changing is according to our needs and requirement the main basic threats which are being faced by the land resources is land degradation that is deforestation soil erosion and landslide definitely the problems like deforestation occurs just because of the activities done by an human being the activities the technological advancement adversely affect the environment in a very bad condition however we can conserve the land deforestation how we can able to conserve the land how it can be conserved like the problem we have discussed about deforestation how we can overcome from this problem with the help of a forest station or forestation we can able to remove such kind of a problem land reclamation will be there regulatory of the chemical pesticides and fertilizer must be there and we must check an over grazing of the land moving further a land sometimes face the problems like landslide now what is landslide landslide that takes place when dirt pebbles rocks and boulder slides down towards together slope so just look at this picture this picture is represents to the landslide and now the problem of landslide must be corrected so we have different kind of solutions for that but before discussing the solution we need to understand the causes of this sometimes the natural factors affect them like rivers and oceans are the main causes of land landslide on the contrary sometimes human factors like human is moving towards the deforestation there is a cultivation of the loose soil and such type of agriculture improve inculcation of the technological advancement industries affects our natural environment in a very bad manner so we have to reduce such kind of activities so that we can able to survive we can able to protect ourselves from such kind of landscape so what are the solutions for that increase in the vegetation definitely will results in the betterment of the land and of forest station we must focus on the afforestation retention of walls must be there mapping proper mapping must be there and after that surface drainage control work must be done there properly so if we talk about the landslide in india two regions are the most vulnerable to the landslide the first one is himalayas and the second one is the western guide most of the time we face the landslide here so moving further now we are going to discuss about the map based on this slope that is magnitude length and direction the second one is soil thickness the third one is relative relief and the fourth one is land use and fifth one is drainage pattern definitely a drainage pattern will must be a very organized in a very organized way and the last one is landslide affected people landslides affect the people very badly so we must in uh give the residents to the people at that places where there is a less chances of such kind of land slides so moving further now we are going to discuss about the soil resources you all are aware that soil itself is a tiny layer which cover the earth and various which cover the earth in and make a shield on the earth so now we are going to discuss about the soil resources as we all know that soil itself is a thin layer which cover the earth and if we talk about it is the uppermost layer of the earth's surface we all humans are living on that particular region so for a soil profile carries o horizon a horizon e horizon b horizon c origin and our region so what is included in the o region o region considered as the topmost layer of the surface and it consists of loose decade of organic matters we mostly plant our roots from here after that moving for the next one is a horizon a horizon represents to the needed for the growth of plant and it is also known as topsoil so e horizon it is light colored zone of leeching and if we talk about the bee horizon that represents to the sandy and clay salt and moving further if we talk about the sea horizon that partially weathered rock material it is made of freshly weathered rock material and if we talk about the our horizon it is the bottommost layer of the soil that consisting of the solid unbreakable rock material and it is known as parent rock and if we talk about the formation factors it's how the soil forms what are the main factors that affect the formation of the soil so there are different types of factor which affect the formation of the soil the first one is the parent rock the second one is relief third one is climate and the fourth one is plants and animal and the fifth one is time so first one is parent row parent rock which determine its colors textures and property and the content as well so relief if we talk about the relief relief is based on the height of the region lt its altitudes the slop of the region and then we have the quality of the thickness of the soil then moving further flora and fauna we can say that plants and animal microorganism is present in this soil if there is a good amount of microorganism will be there it will be more fertile and if we talk about the climatic condition the climatic condition the temperature rainfall and the humidity effect of the quality of the soil and further the quality of soil affect the growth of plant and agriculture in the region and the last one is definitely time for the soil of the develop in the another effort to proper development of the soil time place and very important road so hope you got this concept very well so what are the main steps to be taken for the soil conservation so there is a need to the conserve the soil properly so what are those main step which we want to take or which we had to take that we have to get within uh for a station dead plants and other organism forms humans which makes us soil fertile with time the soil undergoes when he changes the process of soil erosion is very slow and with the passage of time a young soil is thin mature and thick so moving further we are going to discuss about the different types of soil that are found in india the first one is alluvial soil aloe vera soil is quite fertile and it is mainly fine found in indonesic plains in the northern india that is brahmaputra valley and it the alluvial soil is also known as new aluminum and black soil black soil is also called regular soil and it is formed with the weathering of volcanic volcanic rock and the deccan plateau and it covers the northmoth peninsula in the states of maharashtra gujarat mahadaya pradesh and parts of telangana if we talk about the red soil red soil is rich in iron and it is mainly found in the southern and eastern part of the peninsula and definitely red soil is of red color and further if we talk about the literate soil literate soil represents to the western and eastern hearts and it is made not that fertile for the growth of the agriculture leaching is the main property of this shrubs are mainly grown in the literate soil and the next one is mountains soil definitely mountain soil will you found in the hilly places or in hilly area the toil which have a high degree of altitude or which is at height represents to the mountain soil and it is used for the cultivation of tea coffee and spices and moving further desert or arid soil the desert soil is quite dry and which is mainly found in the rajasthan and gujarat contain desert soil as a thick most layer of the sand further now we are going to understand about the soil degradation and conservation in this both the factors are equally irresponsible for the soil degradation firstly we are going to understand the soil when does the soil depletion occur down so the soil depletion occur when the soil loses a fertility due to the bad farming practices like too many crops are being grown on the same piece of land and excessive use of current fertilizers and chemicals will be done down the dumping of industrial is may also the main reason for the soil depletion so both the vectors are responsible for that that is the natural one and the human factor so we all are completely aware the activities which is being done by the human how it is actually hazardous for the soil so as the human is going on with the deforestation activity so along with that our grazing is there construction and mining activities are being done by the human being so definitely the direct result for that is a soil depletion or the problematic condition in the soil and along with that as we told about the natural resources also as well so there are responsibilities are the responsible for that as natural resources as well so next how natural resources is responsible for that like we can able to say the slope of land will dependent on that the wind structure the flood happened down the uncertain floods happened down so definitely that create a problematic situation land sliding will be there so these are all included down into the natural factors when you are when someone asks you about this so both the factors are responsible for that natural and the human factor okay so soil conservation is actually very important for all of us because without soil conservation if we are unable to conserve the soil so the life of the hair is quite difficult for all of us soil conservation include all the method used to prevent the soil degradation the methods which is being chosen by us which is being taken down by us just to prevent the soil that is included down in the soil conservation okay so students how can we able to prevent our soil so definitely the first and foremost thing that planting of the trees when we go up with the air forestation instead of going off with the deforestations automatically the greenery start coming here and when the greenery start coming here the soil erosion will be prevented down and along with that the forest cover down the way of soil conservation so it is the shortest method and the simplest method the plantation of trees when the plantation of trees were there so definitely we can able to create a good environment in our surrounding now on the other hand on a steep of mountain slope tray a terrace farming should be practiced in which the broad flat steps are being cut out from the slope and are used to grow down the crops so here is a picture given down so this picture is related with the terrace family this chops soil for being washed away by flying water so similarly the gentle mountain slopes counter flying is done on which the land is contour in the cultivated to stop the soil erosion okay so the another method to prevent the soil resources or to move towards the soil conservation is crop rotation so in different crops are grown on a same piece of land and definitely at the different times of the year degraded soil fertility can regain by the crop rotation and uses for the fertilizers and the manicure so we immanuel so we just need to understand that if we are going on with the multi-cropping system that must be in a proper manner that must be in a good manner so barren land was there that is being used down to prevent from the the soil for washing away so plugging the land will be there so leaving the land flow is there building of rock dams by peeling rocks to plug the ghillies and the checking over grazing by the animal and the growing water as a crops so when the animal over graze the soil activity so definitely we are going to face down the problem in that so hope you are clear with this so here are the one extract that is related with the answer or ali so let's discuss the question that are given in this so the first question is what is a land use so here is the answer for that land use is the utilization of land for different purposes like agriculture is there grazing is there forestry is there industries they are mining by the humans okay so what are the factors responsible for the soil formation so the parent rock is there relief is there climatic condition is there so these all are actually responsible for the soil erosion okay so another one name all the soil horizons so here we already discussed about that oh is there a horizon e horizon b horizon c horizon and our region so what do you understand by the term soil depletion what does the meaning of the soil depletion we already discussed about that so soil depletion occur when the soil loses its fertility due to bad farming practices like too many crops being grown on the same piece of a land and excessive use of chemicals and fertilizers occur down so this is representing to the soil depletion okay so further now we are going to start up with another resource that is water we all are completely aware that we are unable to even think our life without the water but water is kind of a very essential thing in our life if we don't have a water so survival in this earth is not possible so water is the only method to survive here in a easy manner in a very effective manner so as we all are completely aware if the water is here only then the human life existence will be possible if the water is not there so definitely we are not able to assume that we can able to live here on the earth similarly as the land is a very important part so similarly another one the soil is there and the water is also a very much important part of our life so how much water is available on the earth's surface so let us discuss on that so water is one of the most important natural resources as existence of life depends upon it and about 71 percent of total surface area is covered with water from where we are living around 71 percent of that area is covered with the water and around only 29 percent of area is covered with the land and out of that 71 97 percent of water exist in the form of ocean seas or saline making that is not fit for even for the agricultural activity we are not able to grow up our crop with these kind of water activities so we are not able to even drink that water so that is definitely unfit and only three percent of water is fresh water out of the two percent exist in the form of glacier or ice cap so definitely how much we can able to use or how much water is available for our usage is just one percent one percent water is available for the human consumption only one percent we can able to inculcate the only one percent is there which we can able to uh take in our body just for our survival or just for the agricultural activity only one percent of water is there so here is a water cycle i think you all had already discussed down this water cycle in your previous classes as well this water cycle is known as the hydrological cycle as well so it refers to the continuous movement of water between the hydrosphere atmosphere and lithosphere in which the water changes the physical state and the total amount of water on the earth's surface remains the same so this is a cyclic process of the water we all are completely aware with that so the cloud goes down and the precipitation occurs down along with the precipitation it run on the surface and after the ground and it becomes the ground water and after that again the evaporation comes down and with the help of the and this process goes on simultaneously okay so further now we are going to switch to the availability of water so we are going to discuss down that about the availability of water where it is available down and how much is essential for the consumption and how much we have in our country and the other countries as well so just to use the water for drinking washing and agricultural or activities so industrial activity will be their construction will be there electricity generation will be there so all these things are completely dependent on the water the quantity of the availability of water is not same in all the countries in all the areas so it is dependent on is a country wise or it is dependent at the land portion and where we are able to get the water so the quantity is not ever seen down okay so the growing population the demand of water is rapidly increasing down growing of crop will be happen down there rapid urbanization will be there so just to satisfy the human need just because of the population is growing day by day so the usage of water is also growing up at the large extent so many of the countries in the world are there like africa is their western usa their part of south america is there west asia is there australia is there they are already facing down the problem of the shortage of fresh water so this problem and it is might possible that in future we do face down this problem if we don't save down or if we don't go understand the concept of scarcity of water so we just need to understand the shortage of water in our area until or unless it gets finished down from our locality so we need to understand the conservation of water as well so water resources in india so water resources in india as students we are all are completely aware that water is very essential for all of us so where we are using these water for the agricultural purpose for the industrial purpose for irrigation of activities also domestic needs agriculture is required if each and every spheres of life so the water resources definitely include the monsoon river rain water underground water and the monsoon rains and the many number in it but the water resources in our country are even unevenly distributed some of the areas are there that have a plenty of water and other another area is there that is actually does not getting a full amount of water that is a fresh water for their daily needs as well so this creates a lot of problems sometimes the area is there that are facing the problem of the flood with the water difficulty in the survival of the people but some of the areas are there where there is a sparsity of water that the people are not getting the water if evenly and we can able to say that in india the distribution of water is not a perfect one is not a proper one so the management of water therefore is required by the government officials as well and by the people as well for because the water is essential for both the activities agriculture or the domestic needs as well so there is a need to arrange down the management or the supply of the water in all the areas that it is being done down by the developing the irrigation system by remains of canals tube wells tanks and the other wells as well so further now we are going to understand the conservation of water resources how we can able to conserve the water resources on water cook essay conserve and further we can able to use that so due to the less amount of water less amount of fresh water there is a very much need to conserve that water so what are the main methods for that we are just going to discuss down that point twice the first point is related with waste water should be reused and stored for use in the dry season when there was a dry season so definitely the water that is being wasted down that must be uses down again so we must have the facility of reuse of the water in the area so another one is related with water must be diverted from the surplus region to the region having a shortfall of the water one area that has a surplus amount of water so that water is must be replaced down to the another one where is the shortage of the water so the replacement is very much essential for that so further the rain water harvesting in which the rain water is collected and stored for the use of the dry season it should be saved water so definitely the rain water harvesting must be included down where the water from that we get from the rain must be storage down and further that water is used down for the usage of the necessary things or water further we use down when there was a dry season or we don't have a plenty of water to take down the sprinkles should be used for the irrigation the field as a use of less water so water for the irrigation purpose must be used in a very uh effective manner it is not like that we are continuously waiting wasting our water a plenty of water is being wasted down in the irrigation activities as well so when we are using the water for the irrigation activity so it is our duty to check out that it should be used in a very wise manner so the canal running through the field should be properly linked on a link with the lined with the prevent water for the seeping and rip or trickle irrigation should be used dry a region to save water so these kind of practices must be used down in the irrigation activities so that we can able to save our water the another one is related with the forced forest covered should be increased to retain and improve the level of ground water so more or more forest is required down so that the groundwater is being used down or utilized down in a better way the containment of water voltage due to human activity should be checked and this can be done by treating the industrial and domestic waves before releasing them into the waste bodies so richard we all are completely aware that industrial waste or the domestic waste the waste directly goes into the water borders so that must be check out very carefully that human activities that is creating now that is resulting down in the pollution of the water that the water pollution that must be ignorant one so the no human activities will be done like that is the store uh throwage of the water wastage into the water so these kind of practices must be checked out each and everything very carefully and it must be stopped down more trees should be planted as they help in retaining water reducing surface runoff and recharging ground water table we always heard that we need to plant more and more trees what is the reason for that so it is actually helpful for us in lot many things that include us to live up it provides us a better environment and along with that of water ground water stability will be rises down there just because of planting more trees so reject this is all about our chapter so here is one extract that is given down so let us discuss what is included down there so what percentage of water exists in the ocean seas glacier and ice caps 97 percent of water is included down in the oceans and seas and the remaining three percent fresh water out of which two percent exist in the frozen form as a glacier and ice cap what is the water cycle so we here discuss down about the water cycle so what is actually the water cycle the water cycle refers to the continuous movement of water between the hydrosphere atmosphere lithosphere in which the water change its physical state however the total amount of water on the earth's surface remains the same okay so the third question that is there why is there an increasing demand for water why the water demand is increasing down on the regular basis because we all are completely aware the water is used down in a continuous basis as the population is growing on the regular basis so the usage of water is very much essential because it is used in the domestic chores as well along with that agriculture activity is dependent on this the industrial activity is dependent on this the power generation is dependent on this that is the reason the demand for water is increasing day by day with increase in the population okay so what is the causes the scarcity of water so raj just because we just take out why this car city why the less amount of water is available there just may be due to the inadequate rainfall over the consumption is the main reason of the scarcity of the water so richard this is all about our chapter hope you are clear with the chapter now what you have to do you have to complete down the exercise that is given in the end of the chapter and richard tried to solve this exercise by yourself without taking the help of any other persongood morning students how are you all so today we are here to start up with our new chapter that does natural resources land soil and water as we know that natural resources are directly relate with the nature because the word natural is arrived from the nature so every resource which we get got from the nature relates with the natural resources and from that included soil water land and air these four elements are quite essential for a human to live a life in a peaceful and a secured manner so before starting the topic just look at this extract that is related with the land pollution so what you do read this extract and after reading that extract you have to discuss the last two question what does the land pollution land pollution is the due to deterioration of the earth's land surface area often directly or indirectly as a result of man activities and the misuse of land resources state two factors due to which it occurs it occurs when waste material are not disposed properly or when human throw chemical on the soil in the form of pesticides insecticides and fertilizers during the agriculture practices now further now we are going to start up with our first resource that is land resource as we know that land is an essential resource and support all forms of life but we have only 29 of our surface rest of the 70 71 percent is covered with the water and out of that 29 just 30 percent is fit for the human habitation and economic activities so you can able to understand how less area we have to fit for the survival the rest of the part is covered under the cold climate steep mountains deserty area hot desserty area so for the exact survival we have only 30 percent of that 29 percent of our surface area so look at this find out the name of some of the most separately populated area of the world the names are already written here that are iceland australia french etc number of states came under number of countries came under this so moving further the land use as we want to use the land for the different purposes here we are going to discuss about the different purposes that we are going to use our land definitely we use our land for agriculture we use our land for grazing we used our land for making up or establishing the bigger industries we use our land for the mining activities as well so moving further now we are going to discuss about the different factor that determine the land use the first one is topography the second one is climate third one is a quality and thickness of soil we are discussing about the land use and these are the main determining factors that included for the use of land availability of water and mineral after that the size of population in moving further the last one is availability of technology and capital before using the land we have checked out all such factors are necessary for the establishment of any kind of activities or for the fulfillment of any kind of activity on a land so what percentage of land in the world is used for the agriculture approx 11 of the globe total surface is used for the crop production so there are two types of land the first one is private land and the second one is community online private land definitely relates with an individual of individual person has the authority to con take a control over the land and community land represents to the land that represents to the whole community in this a community park community centers all such kind of things are included on such kind of a thing the whole community have an equal right so the change in the land battle there are number of changes that occur in the land use pattern as we humans are living on the land so we are changing is according to our needs and requirement the main basic threats which are being faced by the land resources is land degradation that is deforestation soil erosion and landslide definitely the problems like deforestation occurs just because of the activities done by an human being the activities the technological advancement adversely affect the environment in a very bad condition however we can conserve the land deforestation how we can able to conserve the land how it can be conserved like the problem we have discussed about deforestation how we can overcome from this problem with the help of a forest station or forestation we can able to remove such kind of a problem land reclamation will be there regulatory of the chemical pesticides and fertilizer must be there and we must check an over grazing of the land moving further a land sometimes face the problems like landslide now what is landslide landslide that takes place when dirt pebbles rocks and boulder slides down towards together slope so just look at this picture this picture is represents to the landslide and now the problem of landslide must be corrected so we have different kind of solutions for that but before discussing the solution we need to understand the causes of this sometimes the natural factors affect them like rivers and oceans are the main causes of land landslide on the contrary sometimes human factors like human is moving towards the deforestation there is a cultivation of the loose soil and such type of agriculture improve inculcation of the technological advancement industries affects our natural environment in a very bad manner so we have to reduce such kind of activities so that we can able to survive we can able to protect ourselves from such kind of landscape so what are the solutions for that increase in the vegetation definitely will results in the betterment of the land and of forest station we must focus on the afforestation retention of walls must be there mapping proper mapping must be there and after that surface drainage control work must be done there properly so if we talk about the landslide in india two regions are the most vulnerable to the landslide the first one is himalayas and the second one is the western guide most of the time we face the landslide here so moving further now we are going to discuss about the map based on this slope that is magnitude length and direction the second one is soil thickness the third one is relative relief and the fourth one is land use and fifth one is drainage pattern definitely a drainage pattern will must be a very organized in a very organized way and the last one is landslide affected people landslides affect the people very badly so we must in uh give the residents to the people at that places where there is a less chances of such kind of land slides so moving further now we are going to discuss about the soil resources you all are aware that soil itself is a tiny layer which cover the earth and various which cover the earth in and make a shield on the earth so now we are going to discuss about the soil resources as we all know that soil itself is a thin layer which cover the earth and if we talk about it is the uppermost layer of the earth's surface we all humans are living on that particular region so for a soil profile carries o horizon a horizon e horizon b horizon c origin and our region so what is included in the o region o region considered as the topmost layer of the surface and it consists of loose decade of organic matters we mostly plant our roots from here after that moving for the next one is a horizon a horizon represents to the needed for the growth of plant and it is also known as topsoil so e horizon it is light colored zone of leeching and if we talk about the bee horizon that represents to the sandy and clay salt and moving further if we talk about the sea horizon that partially weathered rock material it is made of freshly weathered rock material and if we talk about the our horizon it is the bottommost layer of the soil that consisting of the solid unbreakable rock material and it is known as parent rock and if we talk about the formation factors it's how the soil forms what are the main factors that affect the formation of the soil so there are different types of factor which affect the formation of the soil the first one is the parent rock the second one is relief third one is climate and the fourth one is plants and animal and the fifth one is time so first one is parent row parent rock which determine its colors textures and property and the content as well so relief if we talk about the relief relief is based on the height of the region lt its altitudes the slop of the region and then we have the quality of the thickness of the soil then moving further flora and fauna we can say that plants and animal microorganism is present in this soil if there is a good amount of microorganism will be there it will be more fertile and if we talk about the climatic condition the climatic condition the temperature rainfall and the humidity effect of the quality of the soil and further the quality of soil affect the growth of plant and agriculture in the region and the last one is definitely time for the soil of the develop in the another effort to proper development of the soil time place and very important road so hope you got this concept very well so what are the main steps to be taken for the soil conservation so there is a need to the conserve the soil properly so what are those main step which we want to take or which we had to take that we have to get within uh for a station dead plants and other organism forms humans which makes us soil fertile with time the soil undergoes when he changes the process of soil erosion is very slow and with the passage of time a young soil is thin mature and thick so moving further we are going to discuss about the different types of soil that are found in india the first one is alluvial soil aloe vera soil is quite fertile and it is mainly fine found in indonesic plains in the northern india that is brahmaputra valley and it the alluvial soil is also known as new aluminum and black soil black soil is also called regular soil and it is formed with the weathering of volcanic volcanic rock and the deccan plateau and it covers the northmoth peninsula in the states of maharashtra gujarat mahadaya pradesh and parts of telangana if we talk about the red soil red soil is rich in iron and it is mainly found in the southern and eastern part of the peninsula and definitely red soil is of red color and further if we talk about the literate soil literate soil represents to the western and eastern hearts and it is made not that fertile for the growth of the agriculture leaching is the main property of this shrubs are mainly grown in the literate soil and the next one is mountains soil definitely mountain soil will you found in the hilly places or in hilly area the toil which have a high degree of altitude or which is at height represents to the mountain soil and it is used for the cultivation of tea coffee and spices and moving further desert or arid soil the desert soil is quite dry and which is mainly found in the rajasthan and gujarat contain desert soil as a thick most layer of the sand further now we are going to understand about the soil degradation and conservation in this both the factors are equally irresponsible for the soil degradation firstly we are going to understand the soil when does the soil depletion occur down so the soil depletion occur when the soil loses a fertility due to the bad farming practices like too many crops are being grown on the same piece of land and excessive use of current fertilizers and chemicals will be done down the dumping of industrial is may also the main reason for the soil depletion so both the vectors are responsible for that that is the natural one and the human factor so we all are completely aware the activities which is being done by the human how it is actually hazardous for the soil so as the human is going on with the deforestation activity so along with that our grazing is there construction and mining activities are being done by the human being so definitely the direct result for that is a soil depletion or the problematic condition in the soil and along with that as we told about the natural resources also as well so there are responsibilities are the responsible for that as natural resources as well so next how natural resources is responsible for that like we can able to say the slope of land will dependent on that the wind structure the flood happened down the uncertain floods happened down so definitely that create a problematic situation land sliding will be there so these are all included down into the natural factors when you are when someone asks you about this so both the factors are responsible for that natural and the human factor okay so soil conservation is actually very important for all of us because without soil conservation if we are unable to conserve the soil so the life of the hair is quite difficult for all of us soil conservation include all the method used to prevent the soil degradation the methods which is being chosen by us which is being taken down by us just to prevent the soil that is included down in the soil conservation okay so students how can we able to prevent our soil so definitely the first and foremost thing that planting of the trees when we go up with the air forestation instead of going off with the deforestations automatically the greenery start coming here and when the greenery start coming here the soil erosion will be prevented down and along with that the forest cover down the way of soil conservation so it is the shortest method and the simplest method the plantation of trees when the plantation of trees were there so definitely we can able to create a good environment in our surrounding now on the other hand on a steep of mountain slope tray a terrace farming should be practiced in which the broad flat steps are being cut out from the slope and are used to grow down the crops so here is a picture given down so this picture is related with the terrace family this chops soil for being washed away by flying water so similarly the gentle mountain slopes counter flying is done on which the land is contour in the cultivated to stop the soil erosion okay so the another method to prevent the soil resources or to move towards the soil conservation is crop rotation so in different crops are grown on a same piece of land and definitely at the different times of the year degraded soil fertility can regain by the crop rotation and uses for the fertilizers and the manicure so we immanuel so we just need to understand that if we are going on with the multi-cropping system that must be in a proper manner that must be in a good manner so barren land was there that is being used down to prevent from the the soil for washing away so plugging the land will be there so leaving the land flow is there building of rock dams by peeling rocks to plug the ghillies and the checking over grazing by the animal and the growing water as a crops so when the animal over graze the soil activity so definitely we are going to face down the problem in that so hope you are clear with this so here are the one extract that is related with the answer or ali so let's discuss the question that are given in this so the first question is what is a land use so here is the answer for that land use is the utilization of land for different purposes like agriculture is there grazing is there forestry is there industries they are mining by the humans okay so what are the factors responsible for the soil formation so the parent rock is there relief is there climatic condition is there so these all are actually responsible for the soil erosion okay so another one name all the soil horizons so here we already discussed about that oh is there a horizon e horizon b horizon c horizon and our region so what do you understand by the term soil depletion what does the meaning of the soil depletion we already discussed about that so soil depletion occur when the soil loses its fertility due to bad farming practices like too many crops being grown on the same piece of a land and excessive use of chemicals and fertilizers occur down so this is representing to the soil depletion okay so further now we are going to start up with another resource that is water we all are completely aware that we are unable to even think our life without the water but water is kind of a very essential thing in our life if we don't have a water so survival in this earth is not possible so water is the only method to survive here in a easy manner in a very effective manner so as we all are completely aware if the water is here only then the human life existence will be possible if the water is not there so definitely we are not able to assume that we can able to live here on the earth similarly as the land is a very important part so similarly another one the soil is there and the water is also a very much important part of our life so how much water is available on the earth's surface so let us discuss on that so water is one of the most important natural resources as existence of life depends upon it and about 71 percent of total surface area is covered with water from where we are living around 71 percent of that area is covered with the water and around only 29 percent of area is covered with the land and out of that 71 97 percent of water exist in the form of ocean seas or saline making that is not fit for even for the agricultural activity we are not able to grow up our crop with these kind of water activities so we are not able to even drink that water so that is definitely unfit and only three percent of water is fresh water out of the two percent exist in the form of glacier or ice cap so definitely how much we can able to use or how much water is available for our usage is just one percent one percent water is available for the human consumption only one percent we can able to inculcate the only one percent is there which we can able to uh take in our body just for our survival or just for the agricultural activity only one percent of water is there so here is a water cycle i think you all had already discussed down this water cycle in your previous classes as well this water cycle is known as the hydrological cycle as well so it refers to the continuous movement of water between the hydrosphere atmosphere and lithosphere in which the water changes the physical state and the total amount of water on the earth's surface remains the same so this is a cyclic process of the water we all are completely aware with that so the cloud goes down and the precipitation occurs down along with the precipitation it run on the surface and after the ground and it becomes the ground water and after that again the evaporation comes down and with the help of the and this process goes on simultaneously okay so further now we are going to switch to the availability of water so we are going to discuss down that about the availability of water where it is available down and how much is essential for the consumption and how much we have in our country and the other countries as well so just to use the water for drinking washing and agricultural or activities so industrial activity will be their construction will be there electricity generation will be there so all these things are completely dependent on the water the quantity of the availability of water is not same in all the countries in all the areas so it is dependent on is a country wise or it is dependent at the land portion and where we are able to get the water so the quantity is not ever seen down okay so the growing population the demand of water is rapidly increasing down growing of crop will be happen down there rapid urbanization will be there so just to satisfy the human need just because of the population is growing day by day so the usage of water is also growing up at the large extent so many of the countries in the world are there like africa is their western usa their part of south america is there west asia is there australia is there they are already facing down the problem of the shortage of fresh water so this problem and it is might possible that in future we do face down this problem if we don't save down or if we don't go understand the concept of scarcity of water so we just need to understand the shortage of water in our area until or unless it gets finished down from our locality so we need to understand the conservation of water as well so water resources in india so water resources in india as students we are all are completely aware that water is very essential for all of us so where we are using these water for the agricultural purpose for the industrial purpose for irrigation of activities also domestic needs agriculture is required if each and every spheres of life so the water resources definitely include the monsoon river rain water underground water and the monsoon rains and the many number in it but the water resources in our country are even unevenly distributed some of the areas are there that have a plenty of water and other another area is there that is actually does not getting a full amount of water that is a fresh water for their daily needs as well so this creates a lot of problems sometimes the area is there that are facing the problem of the flood with the water difficulty in the survival of the people but some of the areas are there where there is a sparsity of water that the people are not getting the water if evenly and we can able to say that in india the distribution of water is not a perfect one is not a proper one so the management of water therefore is required by the government officials as well and by the people as well for because the water is essential for both the activities agriculture or the domestic needs as well so there is a need to arrange down the management or the supply of the water in all the areas that it is being done down by the developing the irrigation system by remains of canals tube wells tanks and the other wells as well so further now we are going to understand the conservation of water resources how we can able to conserve the water resources on water cook essay conserve and further we can able to use that so due to the less amount of water less amount of fresh water there is a very much need to conserve that water so what are the main methods for that we are just going to discuss down that point twice the first point is related with waste water should be reused and stored for use in the dry season when there was a dry season so definitely the water that is being wasted down that must be uses down again so we must have the facility of reuse of the water in the area so another one is related with water must be diverted from the surplus region to the region having a shortfall of the water one area that has a surplus amount of water so that water is must be replaced down to the another one where is the shortage of the water so the replacement is very much essential for that so further the rain water harvesting in which the rain water is collected and stored for the use of the dry season it should be saved water so definitely the rain water harvesting must be included down where the water from that we get from the rain must be storage down and further that water is used down for the usage of the necessary things or water further we use down when there was a dry season or we don't have a plenty of water to take down the sprinkles should be used for the irrigation the field as a use of less water so water for the irrigation purpose must be used in a very uh effective manner it is not like that we are continuously waiting wasting our water a plenty of water is being wasted down in the irrigation activities as well so when we are using the water for the irrigation activity so it is our duty to check out that it should be used in a very wise manner so the canal running through the field should be properly linked on a link with the lined with the prevent water for the seeping and rip or trickle irrigation should be used dry a region to save water so these kind of practices must be used down in the irrigation activities so that we can able to save our water the another one is related with the forced forest covered should be increased to retain and improve the level of ground water so more or more forest is required down so that the groundwater is being used down or utilized down in a better way the containment of water voltage due to human activity should be checked and this can be done by treating the industrial and domestic waves before releasing them into the waste bodies so richard we all are completely aware that industrial waste or the domestic waste the waste directly goes into the water borders so that must be check out very carefully that human activities that is creating now that is resulting down in the pollution of the water that the water pollution that must be ignorant one so the no human activities will be done like that is the store uh throwage of the water wastage into the water so these kind of practices must be checked out each and everything very carefully and it must be stopped down more trees should be planted as they help in retaining water reducing surface runoff and recharging ground water table we always heard that we need to plant more and more trees what is the reason for that so it is actually helpful for us in lot many things that include us to live up it provides us a better environment and along with that of water ground water stability will be rises down there just because of planting more trees so reject this is all about our chapter so here is one extract that is given down so let us discuss what is included down there so what percentage of water exists in the ocean seas glacier and ice caps 97 percent of water is included down in the oceans and seas and the remaining three percent fresh water out of which two percent exist in the frozen form as a glacier and ice cap what is the water cycle so we here discuss down about the water cycle so what is actually the water cycle the water cycle refers to the continuous movement of water between the hydrosphere atmosphere lithosphere in which the water change its physical state however the total amount of water on the earth's surface remains the same okay so the third question that is there why is there an increasing demand for water why the water demand is increasing down on the regular basis because we all are completely aware the water is used down in a continuous basis as the population is growing on the regular basis so the usage of water is very much essential because it is used in the domestic chores as well along with that agriculture activity is dependent on this the industrial activity is dependent on this the power generation is dependent on this that is the reason the demand for water is increasing day by day with increase in the population okay so what is the causes the scarcity of water so raj just because we just take out why this car city why the less amount of water is available there just may be due to the inadequate rainfall over the consumption is the main reason of the scarcity of the water so richard this is all about our chapter hope you are clear with the chapter now what you have to do you have to complete down the exercise that is given in the end of the chapter and richard tried to solve this exercise by yourself without taking the help of any other person\n"