**Building an Efficient Boost Converter for Voltage Regulation**

In this project, we will build a boost converter to regulate the output voltage of an input signal. The goal is to create a stable and efficient voltage regulator that can be used in various applications.

We started by choosing a powerful switch, specifically the LZ 44n, which was paired with a channel Mass fet and a pull-down resistor on the gate to control it. A PWM pin from an 80 Tiny 85 microcontroller was connected to the gate through a 100 ohm resistor, allowing us to create a PWM signal. Additionally, a potentiometer (PO in cheter) was added as an analog input on the A2 of the microcontroller, enabling us to adjust the duty cycle of the PWM signal.

To increase the output voltage, we employed a coil with an inductance of 100 micro Henry connected in series to the switch and a 1 kiloohm load. When the switch is closed, the current flows through the coil, storing energy in its electromagnetic field. As the current increases, the voltage across the coil also rises due to Lenz's law. However, when the switch opens, the electromagnetic field collapses, releasing its stored energy into the load and reducing the current flow.

However, this design has a problem: oscillations on the output occur when the capacitor discharges itself through the switch. To fix this, we added a diode between the inductor and capacitor, allowing it to only discharge itself through attached loads. This ensures that the capacitor cannot contribute to oscillations.

The next step was to implement feedback control, which involves adjusting the duty cycle based on the output voltage. We created a voltage divider using resistors connected between the output and ground, transforming our defined maximum output voltage of 30 volts into a suitable range for the analog input A3 of the 80 Tiny. This allowed us to increase or decrease the duty cycle according to the potentiometer's position.

With this modification, we achieved stable output voltages regardless of the load attached to the circuit. However, there are still some issues with this design that can be improved upon, such as overvoltage when the load disconnects and delay times to reach the intended output voltage.

In conclusion, our boost converter has been successfully implemented using a combination of components and clever design decisions. Although it's not perfect, it demonstrates the potential for building efficient voltage regulators in various applications.

WEBVTTKind: captionsLanguage: enlet's say you just received a couple of solar cells with a maximum output voltage of 0.5 volts per cell which is way too low to power anything directly so obviously you need to connect them in series in order to increase the voltage but even with 10 of them in series you only get around 5 volts which is not enough to charge your energy storage in this case a 12vt lad acid battery what you need is a boost converter basically in electric circuit that can efficiently step up the 5 volts to 12 volts but the question is how do those work and can we even build one by ourselves let's find out since the Boost converter is a switched mode power supply we obviously need a powerful switch I went with this LZ 44n and channel Mass fet with a pull down resistor on the gate in order to control it I used the pwm pin one of an 80 tiny 85 that connects to the gate through a 100 ohm resistor then I also added a PO in cheter on the analog input A2 of the microcontroller which I can use in the code to change the duty cycle of the pwm signal to program the ad80 Tiner I used my homemade programming Shields that I created in a previous video and now that I'm capable of turning the mfed switch on and off rapidly with a frequency of 32.5 khz we need a component that is capable of creating a higher output voltage than its input voltage this solution of course is a coil in this case with an inductance of 100 micro Henry if I connected in serious to the switch as well as 1 kiloohm load to the output the current flows linear ascending through the coil when this switch is closed because a part of the energy is stored in the electromagnetic field of the coil and since the voltage across an inductor equals the inductance multiplied by the slope of the current we also get a positive voltage drop across it but if the switch opens the electromagnetic field collapses and pumps its energy into the load which results in a decrease in current flow since the slope of the current happened rapidly and is negative we can use the formula of the inductor voltage once again and observe a big negative voltage across the coil which means we have now two voltage sources in series and they behave just like two batteries in series the output voltage is the sum of the individual voltages and thus the output voltage of our circuit constellation so far easily reaches peaks of around 40 volts but not for long to fix that I added a 47 microfarad electrolytic capacitor on the output to smooth out the voltage which didn't work at all while the switch is closed the coil builds up its magnetic field as well but the capacitor also discharges itself through the switch and after the switch is open we only get a damed oscillation on the output and almost no voltage boost it's basically a mess that is missing one magical component which is a diode between the inductor and capacitor this way the capacitor can only discharge itself through the attached loads and when the switch is open current can only flow in One Direction so no oscillation is possible and that is generally how a boost converter works not that complicated with my design I easily reach stable voltages of 30 volts with a couple of different loads but one remaining problem is that with a fixed duty cycle we get different output voltages depending on how much current the load on the output draws to fix that we need a feedback which I created with a voltage divider that turns my defined maximum voltage of 30 volts into 5 volts which is suitable for the analog input A3 of the 80 tiny by changing the code just a little bit in order to increase or decrease the duty cycle according to fixed voltage set by the potentiometer we get a pwm signal which seems a bit shaky sometimes but the output voltage however is stable no matter what load is attached of course there are still small problems with this design that could be improved like an occurring over voltage when the load disconnects or delay time to reach the intended output voltage but for Prototype it is pretty decent that is why I got myself a piece of perf board with copper dots solded my components onto there and finally connected them all with silver copper wire according to my schematic and if you want to build something similar you can find all the information about this project like the codes additional pictures and the schematic in the video description after the circuit was complete I tested it out by hooking up a 50 ohm loads to the outputs at a voltage of around 14 volts and reached an efficiency of 78% which is actually not that bad and with that being said let's end this project here I hope you liked it and just in case you're sitting in front of your screen with many questions then you should definitely check out my electronic Basics video series ious as always don't forget to like share and subscribe that would be awesome stay creative and I will see you next timelet's say you just received a couple of solar cells with a maximum output voltage of 0.5 volts per cell which is way too low to power anything directly so obviously you need to connect them in series in order to increase the voltage but even with 10 of them in series you only get around 5 volts which is not enough to charge your energy storage in this case a 12vt lad acid battery what you need is a boost converter basically in electric circuit that can efficiently step up the 5 volts to 12 volts but the question is how do those work and can we even build one by ourselves let's find out since the Boost converter is a switched mode power supply we obviously need a powerful switch I went with this LZ 44n and channel Mass fet with a pull down resistor on the gate in order to control it I used the pwm pin one of an 80 tiny 85 that connects to the gate through a 100 ohm resistor then I also added a PO in cheter on the analog input A2 of the microcontroller which I can use in the code to change the duty cycle of the pwm signal to program the ad80 Tiner I used my homemade programming Shields that I created in a previous video and now that I'm capable of turning the mfed switch on and off rapidly with a frequency of 32.5 khz we need a component that is capable of creating a higher output voltage than its input voltage this solution of course is a coil in this case with an inductance of 100 micro Henry if I connected in serious to the switch as well as 1 kiloohm load to the output the current flows linear ascending through the coil when this switch is closed because a part of the energy is stored in the electromagnetic field of the coil and since the voltage across an inductor equals the inductance multiplied by the slope of the current we also get a positive voltage drop across it but if the switch opens the electromagnetic field collapses and pumps its energy into the load which results in a decrease in current flow since the slope of the current happened rapidly and is negative we can use the formula of the inductor voltage once again and observe a big negative voltage across the coil which means we have now two voltage sources in series and they behave just like two batteries in series the output voltage is the sum of the individual voltages and thus the output voltage of our circuit constellation so far easily reaches peaks of around 40 volts but not for long to fix that I added a 47 microfarad electrolytic capacitor on the output to smooth out the voltage which didn't work at all while the switch is closed the coil builds up its magnetic field as well but the capacitor also discharges itself through the switch and after the switch is open we only get a damed oscillation on the output and almost no voltage boost it's basically a mess that is missing one magical component which is a diode between the inductor and capacitor this way the capacitor can only discharge itself through the attached loads and when the switch is open current can only flow in One Direction so no oscillation is possible and that is generally how a boost converter works not that complicated with my design I easily reach stable voltages of 30 volts with a couple of different loads but one remaining problem is that with a fixed duty cycle we get different output voltages depending on how much current the load on the output draws to fix that we need a feedback which I created with a voltage divider that turns my defined maximum voltage of 30 volts into 5 volts which is suitable for the analog input A3 of the 80 tiny by changing the code just a little bit in order to increase or decrease the duty cycle according to fixed voltage set by the potentiometer we get a pwm signal which seems a bit shaky sometimes but the output voltage however is stable no matter what load is attached of course there are still small problems with this design that could be improved like an occurring over voltage when the load disconnects or delay time to reach the intended output voltage but for Prototype it is pretty decent that is why I got myself a piece of perf board with copper dots solded my components onto there and finally connected them all with silver copper wire according to my schematic and if you want to build something similar you can find all the information about this project like the codes additional pictures and the schematic in the video description after the circuit was complete I tested it out by hooking up a 50 ohm loads to the outputs at a voltage of around 14 volts and reached an efficiency of 78% which is actually not that bad and with that being said let's end this project here I hope you liked it and just in case you're sitting in front of your screen with many questions then you should definitely check out my electronic Basics video series ious as always don't forget to like share and subscribe that would be awesome stay creative and I will see you next time