# The World of Microcontrollers: A Comprehensive Guide
## Introduction to Microcontrollers
Hello dear friends, today we will finally talk about microcontrollers in this video. I will try to tell you what is the essence of microcontrollers and why do you need them? If your hands are constantly itching and you want to do something, tinker, invent, then microcontrollers are a must-have for study today. I will try to introduce you to the world of microcontrollers and inspire you to use them. I will tell you how on one microcontroller you can implement certain tasks for which you previously needed to build huge circuits with a bunch of radio components. And I’ll also tell you why microcontrollers are still a huge circuit with a bunch of details but many don’t think about it, you’ve come to an entertaining and educational channel about electronics. My name is Nikolai And today we’ll have something interesting Ales.
## What is a Microcontroller?
Let's first figure out what a microcontroller is in a dry definition: a microcontroller is understood as a programmable microcircuit designed to control electronic devices. On our channel, we have already become acquainted with all sorts of controllers designed to control electronic devices, for example, the TL494 microcircuit or the NE555 timer and so on, but these are all microcircuits for more or less narrow use. But in the definition of a microcontroller, the main word is programmable, that is, it can program for almost anything.
Of course, there are restrictions, but still, on one chip you can build all sorts of flashing lights, including time-dependent voltage stabilizers, measuring instruments that display images on the screen; smart devices capable of a lot, and this can all be done with minimal wiring. And at the same time, on one microcontroller chip, you can do it all at the same time. You can make a smart device that will take some measurements; display them on the screen when this stabilizes the voltage, flashes and turns on something over time.
## Microcontrollers vs Processors
Many compare microcontrollers with processors. But a microcontroller is more than a processor and even more than a full-fledged computer. A microcontroller has inside itself computing units that process information like a processor, but in addition to this, the same microcircuit has built-in permanent memory in which the program is stored and some data at the user’s discretion. There is also built-in RAM; all sorts of popular interfaces are built into the microcontroller that allow it to communicate with peripherals.
Microcontrollers usually have many ports that can read signals. These signals themselves can be sent at the same time by the I/O ports of microcontrollers. For example, Mega 328 ports are amplified can pass current up to 40 mA. It would seem that this is not much, but this is quite enough to control transistors directly and not through special drivers.
## The Power of Microcontrollers
Microcontrollers come across it’s simply more profitable and easier to use one such super universal part that can be programmed to perform almost any functionality instead of tens or hundreds of individual electronic components. Although inside the microcontroller of these components there are millions, but they are available everywhere, but still somehow not very active are used by private electronics engineers and radio amateurs.
## The History of Microcontrollers
At the beginning of the development of electronics for creating devices, complex circuits were required consisting of a large number of components such as transistors, resistors, capacitors, and so on. These circuits were cumbersome among themselves, even the first computers were built in this way without a single microcircuit, everything was on separate parts and hence their sizes were the size of entire rooms or even houses.
But with the advent of integrated circuits (microcircuits) in the sixties of the last century, one can say there was a real revolution that influenced the development of our today's world. Integrated circuits are small crystals on which transistors and other electronic components are created using photolithography technology. This made it possible to combine many individual parts on one small silicon crystal.
The first Intel 4004 processor appeared in the seventy-first year of the last century, and in the same seventy-first year, a patent was issued for a single-chip em. Engineers from the Texas company proposed placing on one chip not only a processor but also memory with input-output devices, which is actually a microcontroller.
## The First Microcontrollers
The first microcontrollers were chips from the MCS 48 family, which were produced by Intel since 1976, and from then on we can say it started. It’s worth understanding that a microcontroller is inside a very complex circuit with computing units on logical elements with memory and other devices, but externally it is a tiny part smaller than a fingernail, and then it is a crystal case inside this case even smaller.
Due to the development of photolithography of such microcontroller crystals on a single silicon substrate can be manufactured in thousands, or maybe even tens of thousands. And it turns out that the price of a microcontroller may even be less than a separate transistor and therefore now it’s simply more profitable and easier to use one such super universal part.
## Arduino: The Game-Changer
It was Arduino that launched the masses of electronics engineers into understanding the beauty of microcontrollers. The Arduino project can be called a complete hack, the developers simply took a popular microcontroller from Mega 328, put it on a board on which there is almost nothing except the microcontroller, and slightly altered the programming language C++.
Then they threw it all away on the community so that people themselves write different libraries. In these simple actions, there is genius for making a board for a small microcontroller to which it is very convenient to connect and solder all the inputs and outputs of the microcontroller are numbered on the board itself and it immediately becomes clear where you need to connect.
## The Arduino Boards
On this board, there is a minimum wiring necessary for the startup and operation of the microcontroller. First of all, this is a quartz resonator to maintain the required operating frequencies of the microcircuit. By the way, in some microcontrollers, such resonators are built inside; even a separate resonator is not needed.
The most important thing is that there is a stabilizer on which allows you to connect this board to a power source of more than 5 V. The microcontroller from Mega 328 can only accept 5 V at the input, and thanks to the stabilizer it can be powered with higher voltage through this special RAV port.
In my hands, I have an Arduino Pro Mini board, which is fully functional. But to upload the firmware to it, you need a special separate programmer, which is not very convenient. Therefore, it’s better to use the Arduino Nano board; there is the same microcontroller from Mega 328, but the board is already soldered and connected to the computer via USB and flash the microcontroller directly with the computer.
## The Features of Arduino Boards
The Nano board usually installs a more reliable voltage regulator and you don’t have to worry that something will burn out in the power supply. If you look at the circuit diagram of this Arduino Nano board, we’ll see that it has 14 digital I/O pins, six of them can output buses, plus there are also six analog inputs on the board which are the same ADC-analog-to-digital converters.
If desired, these analog ports can also work as digital ones. What can you do with a set of these interfaces? In fact, absolutely the entire limitation is only in your imagination of the computing performance from Mega 328 and the number of ports.
## Practical Applications of Microcontrollers
For example, on digital ports Arduino may receive signals from some sensors, and the responses to these signals on other ports can also happen depending on what your program dictates. The analog inputs that the ADC can receive signals from analog sensors, such as thermometers or thermocouples, and depending on the temperature, the Arduino will perform some actions, for example, change the width of the PWM pulse or transmit temperature data through interfaces.
In principle, all these tasks can be implemented on individual parts, build a circuit, make a scarf and everything there will blink and turn on for some simple things. Maybe yes, but for something a little more complex, use a microcontroller stupidly more convenient.
## Challenges in Adopting Microcontrollers
But why don’t radio amateurs en masse switch to using microcontrollers in their projects? There are several reasons for this. The first reason is that analog or pulse circuits are still more reliable and, in principle, you can make a power supply on a microcontroller and not on our controller, and this it will be even more convenient.
But you need to understand that in the power supply, the PWM controller produces precise pulses of a strictly defined filling width. This can also be done on a microcontroller. But if this happens if microcontrollers are used in power supplies or something like that as a PWM controller, then write in the comments. I will be very interested to know about this.
The second reason why a microcontroller is not always used is that a microcontroller is a completely digital device. And in electronics, sometimes you need something analog, for example, audio amplifiers. You can, of course, make a class D audio amplifier, but in it the shim pulses are also analog and smoothly change the width of their pulses.
## Conclusion
And in a microcontroller, the pulse width changes in steps depending on the bit depth of the PWM generator, but theoretically, a class D audio amplifier can be made on a microcontroller. If you were inspired to do something on a microcontroller, then on our channel there are several videos with projects on Arduino.
But most of all, of course, Alex Guyver is devoted to Arduino, he has already made a bunch of different interesting projects on Arduino. Just for starters, you can look at some projects from other authors and then start implementing your own ideas.
Well, in general, Arduino is only the first step into the world of microcontrollers, there are also more progressive STM32 controllers. They are of course more complicated but much faster. Memory, more interfaces, and there are even STM boards similar to Arduino for convenience, only here you need to master real programming so that you can work with all this.
Of course, the topic of microcontrollers is so deep that you can talk about them endlessly, this video can be said simply as an introduction. So if you are interested, write in the comments, we will continue to talk about them if you need it. And of course, you also need to like this video if you liked it and subscribe to the channel.
The end screen with a video has appeared on the screen that will be interesting to you, just here is a video about Arduino programming or here is a video about a microcontroller from Tini 13, also interesting and small little thing. I’m not saying goodbye to you, but I’m waiting for all the best in our other videos, friends.
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smart devicesimages on the screen; smart devicesimages on the screen; smart devicesthat are capable of a lot, and thisthat are capable of a lot, and thisthat are capable of a lot, and thiscan all be done with minimal wiring,can all be done with minimal wiring,can all be done with minimal wiring,and at the same time, on oneand at the same time, on oneand at the same time, on onemicrocontroller chip, you can do it allmicrocontroller chip, you can do it allmicrocontroller chip, you can do it allat the same time; you can make a smartat the same time; you can make a smartat the same time; you can make a smartdevice that will takedevice that will takedevice that will takesome measurements; display them on thesome measurements; display them on thesome measurements; display them on thescreen when this stabilizesscreen when this stabilizesscreen when this stabilizesthe voltage, flashes and turns on somethingthe voltage, flashes and turns on somethingthe voltage, flashes and turns on somethingover time, many compareover time, many compareover time, many comparemicrocontrollers with processors. Butmicrocontrollers with processors. Butmicrocontrollers with processors. Buta microcontroller is more than aa microcontroller is more than aa microcontroller is more than aprocessor and even more than a full-fledgedprocessor and even more than a full-fledgedprocessor and even more than a full-fledgedcomputer; a microcontroller has inside itselfcomputer; a microcontroller has inside itselfcomputer; a microcontroller has inside itselfcomputing units thatcomputing units thatcomputing units thatprocess information like a processor.process information like a processor.process information like a processor.But in addition to this, the same microcircuitBut in addition to this, the same microcircuitBut in addition to this, the same microcircuithas built-in permanent memory in whichhas built-in permanent memory in whichhas built-in permanent memory in whichthe program is stored and somethe program is stored and somethe program is stored and somedata at the user’s discretion. Theredata at the user’s discretion. Theredata at the user’s discretion. Thereis also built-in RAM;is also built-in RAM;is also built-in RAM;all sorts of popular interfaces are built inall sorts of popular interfaces are built inall sorts of popular interfaces are built inthat allowthat allowthat allowthe microcontroller to communicate with peripherals; thisthe microcontroller to communicate with peripherals; thisthe microcontroller to communicate with peripherals; thisalready does everything This microcircuit is not just aalready does everything This microcircuit is not just aalready does everything This microcircuit is not just aprocessor, but a full-fledged computer. Well,processor, but a full-fledged computer. Well,processor, but a full-fledged computer. Well,that’s not all; inside the microcontrollerthat’s not all; inside the microcontrollerthat’s not all; inside the microcontrollerthere are ADCs and analog-to-digitalthere are ADCs and analog-to-digitalthere are ADCs and analog-to-digitalconverters that allow youconverters that allow youconverters that allow youto read analog information about thisto read analog information about thisto read analog information about thisWe'll talk more later, also thanks to theWe'll talk more later, also thanks to theWe'll talk more later, also thanks to thebuilt-in timer, the microcontroller canbuilt-in timer, the microcontroller canbuilt-in timer, the microcontroller canproduce PWM pulses at its outputs;produce PWM pulses at its outputs;produce PWM pulses at its outputs;microcontrollers usually have manymicrocontrollers usually have manymicrocontrollers usually have manyports that can read signals.ports that can read signals.ports that can read signals.Or these signals themselves can be sent at theOr these signals themselves can be sent at theOr these signals themselves can be sent at thesame time by the I/O ports ofsame time by the I/O ports ofsame time by the I/O ports ofmicrocontrollers. Usually, formicrocontrollers. Usually, formicrocontrollers. Usually, forexample, Mega 328 ports are amplified canexample, Mega 328 ports are amplified canexample, Mega 328 ports are amplified canpass current up to 40 mA It would seem that this ispass current up to 40 mA It would seem that this ispass current up to 40 mA It would seem that this isnot much, but this is quite enough tonot much, but this is quite enough tonot much, but this is quite enough tocontrol transistors directly and notcontrol transistors directly and notcontrol transistors directly and notthrough special drivers. As you can see inthrough special drivers. As you can see inthrough special drivers. As you can see insuch a small the chip was stuck in total,such a small the chip was stuck in total,such a small the chip was stuck in total,of course, the computing units here are notof course, the computing units here are notof course, the computing units here are notas powerful as in a computer CPU, but they areas powerful as in a computer CPU, but they areas powerful as in a computer CPU, but they arequite sufficient for the tasks of amicrocontroller; programs formicrocontroller; programs formicrocontroller; programs formicrocontrollers can be written usingmicrocontrollers can be written usingmicrocontrollers can be written usinga neural network; you just need toa neural network; you just need toa neural network; you just need toformulate the request correctly and send it toformulate the request correctly and send it toformulate the request correctly and send it tosome neural network chatbot and wesome neural network chatbot and wesome neural network chatbot and wecan already fully work withcan already fully work withcan already fully work withthe microcontroller without knowledge ofthe microcontroller without knowledge ofthe microcontroller without knowledge ofprogramming at all, now neural networksprogramming at all, now neural networksprogramming at all, now neural networksare amazing; they can almost do everything, forare amazing; they can almost do everything, forare amazing; they can almost do everything, forexample, generate realisticexample, generate realisticexample, generate realisticimages and even entire works ofimages and even entire works ofimages and even entire works ofart, and Sber, as a realart, and Sber, as a realart, and Sber, as a realtechnological bank, is already integrated thetechnological bank, is already integrated thetechnological bank, is already integrated theKodinsky neural network into its updatedKodinsky neural network into its updatedKodinsky neural network into its updatedSberban Online application, now withSberban Online application, now withSberban Online application, now withthe help of the neuron the user canthe help of the neuron the user canthe help of the neuron the user cangenerate an individualgenerate an individualgenerate an individualsplash screen that will greet him when hesplash screen that will greet him when hesplash screen that will greet him when helaunches the application. Now I’ll telllaunches the application. Now I’ll telllaunches the application. Now I’ll tellyou how to generate yourself a coolyou how to generate yourself a coolyou how to generate yourself a coolsplash screen that only you will have.splash screen that only you will have.splash screen that only you will have.First of all, you need to updateFirst of all, you need to updateFirst of all, you need to updatethe Sberban Online application to the latestthe Sberban Online application to the latestthe Sberban Online application to the latestversion and then follow the link in theversion and then follow the link in theversion and then follow the link in thedescription or follow the instructions. Godescription or follow the instructions. Godescription or follow the instructions. Goto the application here at the top, click theto the application here at the top, click theto the application here at the top, click thethree dots, then the screensaver from Kodinsky andthree dots, then the screensaver from Kodinsky andthree dots, then the screensaver from Kodinsky andclick the button to generate a screensaver inclick the button to generate a screensaver inclick the button to generate a screensaver inthis line we write that we want to get,this line we write that we want to get,this line we write that we want to get,for example, the welder code and clickfor example, the welder code and clickfor example, the welder code and clickgenerate a splash screen, then you need togenerate a splash screen, then you need togenerate a splash screen, then you need towait a little and the splash screen is ready,wait a little and the splash screen is ready,wait a little and the splash screen is ready,then click install and the nextthen click install and the nextthen click install and the nexttime you enter the application you willtime you enter the application you willtime you enter the application you willsee the splash screen generated by you,see the splash screen generated by you,see the splash screen generated by you,why isn’t this the magic of modern technology?why isn’t this the magic of modern technology?why isn’t this the magic of modern technology?By the way, this feature only works in theBy the way, this feature only works in theBy the way, this feature only works in theapplication on the Android operating system,application on the Android operating system,application on the Android operating system,so be sure to updateso be sure to updateso be sure to updateSberbank online and useSberbank online and useSberbank online and usemodern technologies, link in themodern technologies, link in themodern technologies, link in thedescription.Now let's talk a littleNow let's talk a littleNow let's talk a littleabout the history of microcontrollersabout the history of microcontrollersabout the history of microcontrollersat the beginning of the development of electronics forat the beginning of the development of electronics forat the beginning of the development of electronics forcreating devices complex circuits were requiredcreating devices complex circuits were requiredcreating devices complex circuits were requiredconsisting of a large number ofconsisting of a large number ofconsisting of a large number ofcomponents such as transistors,components such as transistors,components such as transistors,resistors, capacitors and so on, theseresistors, capacitors and so on, theseresistors, capacitors and so on, thesecircuits werecumbersome among themselves, even the firstcumbersome among themselves, even the firstcumbersome among themselves, even the firstcomputers were built in thiscomputers were built in thiscomputers were built in thisway, without a single microcircuit, everything was onway, without a single microcircuit, everything was onway, without a single microcircuit, everything was onseparate parts and hence their sizes were the size ofseparate parts and hence their sizes were the size ofseparate parts and hence their sizes were the size ofentire rooms or even houses, but with theentire rooms or even houses, but with theentire rooms or even houses, but with theadvent of integrated circuits microcircuits in theadvent of integrated circuits microcircuits in theadvent of integrated circuits microcircuits in thesixties of the last century, one cansixties of the last century, one cansixties of the last century, one cansay there was a real revolutionsay there was a real revolutionsay there was a real revolutionthat influenced the development of ourthat influenced the development of ourthat influenced the development of ourtoday's world,today's world,today's world,thunderbolts into a tiny piece of flint,thunderbolts into a tiny piece of flint,thunderbolts into a tiny piece of flint,integrated circuits areintegrated circuits areintegrated circuits aresmall crystals on whichsmall crystals on whichtransistors and othertransistors and othertransistors and otherelectronic components are created using photolithography technology Electronic components, this made it possible toelectronic components are created using photolithography technology Electronic components, this made it possible toelectronic components are created using photolithography technology Electronic components, this made it possible tocombine many individual partscombine many individual partscombine many individual partson one small silicon crystal,on one small silicon crystal,on one small silicon crystal,we have a separate video on the channel about photolithography,we have a separate video on the channel about photolithography,we have a separate video on the channel about photolithography,this is a very important and at thethis is a very important and at thethis is a very important and at thesame time easy to understand technology, besame time easy to understand technology, besame time easy to understand technology, besure to watch that video, it’ssure to watch that video, it’ssure to watch that video, it’svery interesting link in the upper rightvery interesting link in the upper rightvery interesting link in the upper rightcorner and in the description since logiccorner and in the description since logiccorner and in the description since logiccircuits and computers existed even before thecircuits and computers existed even before thecircuits and computers existed even before theadvent of integrated circuits. It would beadvent of integrated circuits. It would beadvent of integrated circuits. It would bevery logical to produce computersvery logical to produce computersvery logical to produce computersalso by photo lithography on aalso by photo lithography on aalso by photo lithography on asilicon crystal, and in fact, this is how itsilicon crystal, and in fact, this is how itsilicon crystal, and in fact, this is how itwas already in the seventy-first year of thewas already in the seventy-first year of thewas already in the seventy-first year of thelast century, the firstlast century, the firstlast century, the firstIntel 4004 processor appeared and in the same seventy-firstIntel 4004 processor appeared and in the same seventy-firstIntel 4004 processor appeared and in the same seventy-firstyear a patent was issued for a single-chipyear a patent was issued for a single-chipyear a patent was issued for a single-chipem, engineers from the Texas companyem, engineers from the Texas companyem, engineers from the Texas companyproposed placing on one chipproposed placing on one chipproposed placing on one chipnot only a processor but also memory withnot only a processor but also memory withnot only a processor but also memory withinput-output devices, whichinput-output devices, whichinput-output devices, whichis actually a microcontrolleris actually a microcontrolleris actually a microcontrollerWell, in fact, the first microcontrollersWell, in fact, the first microcontrollersWell, in fact, the first microcontrollerswere chips from the MCS 48 family, whichwere chips from the MCS 48 family, whichwere chips from the MCS 48 family, whichwere produced by Intel since 1976, and from then onwere produced by Intel since 1976, and from then onwere produced by Intel since 1976, and from then onwe can saywe can saywe can sayit started, it’s worth understanding that ait started, it’s worth understanding that ait started, it’s worth understanding that amicrocontroller is inside amicrocontroller is inside amicrocontroller is inside avery complex circuit with computingvery complex circuit with computingvery complex circuit with computingunits on logical elements withunits on logical elements withunits on logical elements withmemory and other devices, but externallymemory and other devices, but externallymemory and other devices, but externallyit is a tiny part smaller than ait is a tiny part smaller than ait is a tiny part smaller than afingernail, and then it is a crystal case insidefingernail, and then it is a crystal case insidefingernail, and then it is a crystal case insidethis case even smaller and due to thethis case even smaller and due to thethis case even smaller and due to thedevelopment of photolithography of suchdevelopment of photolithography of suchdevelopment of photolithography of suchmicrocontroller crystals on a single siliconmicrocontroller crystals on a single siliconmicrocontroller crystals on a single siliconsubstrate can be manufactured in thousands, orsubstrate can be manufactured in thousands, orsubstrate can be manufactured in thousands, ormaybe even tens of thousands, andmaybe even tens of thousands, andmaybe even tens of thousands, andit turns out that the price of a microcontrollerit turns out that the price of a microcontrollerit turns out that the price of a microcontrollerNow may even be less than a separateNow may even be less than a separateNow may even be less than a separatetransistor and therefore nowtransistor and therefore nowtransistor and therefore nowmicrocontrollersmicrocontrollersmicrocontrollerscome across it’s simply more profitable and easier tocome across it’s simply more profitable and easier tocome across it’s simply more profitable and easier touse one such superuse one such superuse one such superuniversal part that can beuniversal part that can beuniversal part that can beprogrammed toprogrammed toprogrammed toperform almost any functionality instead ofperform almost any functionality instead ofperform almost any functionality instead oftens or hundreds of individual electronictens or hundreds of individual electronictens or hundreds of individual electroniccomponents. Although inside thecomponents. Although inside thecomponents. Although inside themicrocontroller of these components there aremicrocontroller of these components there aremicrocontroller of these components there aremillions of microcontrollers now everywheremillions of microcontrollers now everywheremillions of microcontrollers now everywhereand they are available, but still they are somehowand they are available, but still they are somehowand they are available, but still they are somehownot very active are used by privatenot very active are used by privatenot very active are used by privateelectronics engineers and radio amateurs, atelectronics engineers and radio amateurs, atelectronics engineers and radio amateurs, atleast this was the case before the advent ofleast this was the case before the advent ofleast this was the case before the advent ofArduino. I think it was Arduino thatArduino. I think it was Arduino thatArduino. I think it was Arduino thatlaunched the masses of electronics engineers intolaunched the masses of electronics engineers intolaunched the masses of electronics engineers intounderstanding the beauty of microcontrollers and it’sunderstanding the beauty of microcontrollers and it’sunderstanding the beauty of microcontrollers and it’sprobably best to start getting acquainted withprobably best to start getting acquainted withprobably best to start getting acquainted withmicrocontroller withmicrocontroller withmicrocontroller withArduino, in principle, in essence, theArduino, in principle, in essence, theArduino, in principle, in essence, theArduino project can be called a complete hack, theArduino project can be called a complete hack, theArduino project can be called a complete hack, thedevelopers simply took adevelopers simply took adevelopers simply took apopular microcontroller from Mega 328,popular microcontroller from Mega 328,popular microcontroller from Mega 328,put it on a board on which there isput it on a board on which there isput it on a board on which there isalmost nothing except the microcontroller, andalmost nothing except the microcontroller, andalmost nothing except the microcontroller, andslightly altered the programming languageslightly altered the programming languageslightly altered the programming languagec+ Plus and then threw it all away on thec+ Plus and then threw it all away on thec+ Plus and then threw it all away on thecommunity so that people themselves write differentcommunity so that people themselves write differentcommunity so that people themselves write differentlibraries, but in these simple actionslibraries, but in these simple actionslibraries, but in these simple actionsthat the Arduino developers did,that the Arduino developers did,that the Arduino developers did,there is genius forthere is genius forthere is genius formaking a board for a small microcontroller to which it ismaking a board for a small microcontroller to which it ismaking a board for a small microcontroller to which it isvery convenient to connect and soldervery convenient to connect and soldervery convenient to connect and solderall the inputs and outputs of the microcontrollerall the inputs and outputs of the microcontrollerall the inputs and outputs of the microcontrollerare numbered on the board itself and it immediatelyare numbered on the board itself and it immediatelyare numbered on the board itself and it immediatelybecomes clear where you need tobecomes clear where you need tobecomes clear where you need toconnect; also on the board there is aconnect; also on the board there is aconnect; also on the board there is aminimum wiring necessary for theminimum wiring necessary for theminimum wiring necessary for thestartup and operation of the microcontroller;startup and operation of the microcontroller;startup and operation of the microcontroller;first of all, this is a quartz resonatorfirst of all, this is a quartz resonatorfirst of all, this is a quartz resonatorto maintain the required operating frequencies of theto maintain the required operating frequencies of theto maintain the required operating frequencies of themicrocircuit; by the way, in somemicrocircuit; by the way, in somemicrocircuit; by the way, in someIn microcontrollers, such resonatorsIn microcontrollers, such resonatorsIn microcontrollers, such resonatorsare built inside, even a separateare built inside, even a separateare built inside, even a separateresonator is not needed. On this board, the mostresonator is not needed. On this board, the mostresonator is not needed. On this board, the mostimportant thing is that there is a stabilizer on whichimportant thing is that there is a stabilizer on whichimportant thing is that there is a stabilizer on whichallows you to connect this board. To aallows you to connect this board. To aallows you to connect this board. To apower source of more than 5 V, thepower source of more than 5 V, thepower source of more than 5 V, themicrocontroller from Mega 328 canmicrocontroller from Mega 328 canmicrocontroller from Mega 328 canonly accept 5 V at the input, andonly accept 5 V at the input, andonly accept 5 V at the input, andthanks to the stabilizer it can be powered withthanks to the stabilizer it can be powered withthanks to the stabilizer it can be powered withhigher voltage through thishigher voltage through thishigher voltage through thisspecial RAV port. I have anspecial RAV port. I have anspecial RAV port. I have anArduino Pro Mini board in my hands and, in principle, itArduino Pro Mini board in my hands and, in principle, itArduino Pro Mini board in my hands and, in principle, itfully functional But infully functional But infully functional But inorder to upload the firmware to it you need aorder to upload the firmware to it you need aorder to upload the firmware to it you need aspecial separate programmer, this isspecial separate programmer, this isspecial separate programmer, this isnot very convenient. Therefore, it is betternot very convenient. Therefore, it is betternot very convenient. Therefore, it is betterto use the Arduino Nano board; thereto use the Arduino Nano board; thereto use the Arduino Nano board; thereis the same microcontroller from Mega 328is the same microcontroller from Mega 328is the same microcontroller from Mega 328but the board is alreadybut the board is alreadybut the board is alreadysoldered, connect to the computer viasoldered, connect to the computer viasoldered, connect to the computer viaUSB and flash the microcontrollerUSB and flash the microcontrollerUSB and flash the microcontrollerdirectly with the computer. Well, in addition, on thedirectly with the computer. Well, in addition, on thedirectly with the computer. Well, in addition, on theNano board they usually install aNano board they usually install aNano board they usually install amore reliable voltage regulator and you don’t have tomore reliable voltage regulator and you don’t have tomore reliable voltage regulator and you don’t have toworry that something will burn out in theworry that something will burn out in theworry that something will burn out in thepower supply, if you look at the circuit diagram of thispower supply, if you look at the circuit diagram of thispower supply, if you look at the circuit diagram of thisArduino Nano board, we’ll see that itArduino Nano board, we’ll see that itArduino Nano board, we’ll see that ithas 14 digital I/O pins,has 14 digital I/O pins,has 14 digital I/O pins,six of them can output buses, plus theresix of them can output buses, plus theresix of them can output buses, plus thereare also six analog inputs on the boardare also six analog inputs on the boardare also six analog inputs on the boardwhich are the same ADC-which are the same ADC-which are the same ADC-analog-to-digital converters. Ifanalog-to-digital converters. Ifanalog-to-digital converters. Ifdesired, these analog ports can alsodesired, these analog ports can alsodesired, these analog ports can alsowork as digital ones. What can youwork as digital ones. What can youwork as digital ones. What can youdo with a set of these interfaces?do with a set of these interfaces?do with a set of these interfaces?In fact, absolutely the entire limitation isIn fact, absolutely the entire limitation isIn fact, absolutely the entire limitation isonly in your imagination of theonly in your imagination of theonly in your imagination of thecomputing performance fromcomputing performance fromcomputing performance fromMega 328 and the number of ports, for example, onMega 328 and the number of ports, for example, onMega 328 and the number of ports, for example, ondigital ports Arduino may receivedigital ports Arduino may receivedigital ports Arduino may receivesignals from some sensors and the responsesignals from some sensors and the responsesignals from some sensors and the responseto these signals on other portsto these signals on other portsto these signals on other portscan also happen,can also happen,can also happen,depending on what yourdepending on what yourdepending on what yourprogram dictates. The analog inputs that the ADCprogram dictates. The analog inputs that the ADCprogram dictates. The analog inputs that the ADCcan receive signals from analogcan receive signals from analogcan receive signals from analogsensors, such as thermometers orsensors, such as thermometers orsensors, such as thermometers orthermocouples, and depending on the temperature, thethermocouples, and depending on the temperature, thethermocouples, and depending on the temperature, theArduino will perform someArduino will perform someArduino will perform someactions, for example, change the width of theactions, for example, change the width of theactions, for example, change the width of thePWM pulse or transmit temperature dataPWM pulse or transmit temperature dataPWM pulse or transmit temperature datathrough interfaces thatthrough interfaces thatthrough interfaces thatthe microcontroller supports in the case of the Mega 328 -the microcontroller supports in the case of the Mega 328 -the microcontroller supports in the case of the Mega 328 -this is itc ard or SPI, almost all of these tasksthis is itc ard or SPI, almost all of these tasksthis is itc ard or SPI, almost all of these tasksin principle can be implemented onin principle can be implemented onin principle can be implemented onindividual parts, build a circuit,individual parts, build a circuit,individual parts, build a circuit,make a scarf and everything there will blink andmake a scarf and everything there will blink andmake a scarf and everything there will blink andturn on for some simpleturn on for some simpleturn on for some simplethings. Maybe yes, but for something athings. Maybe yes, but for something athings. Maybe yes, but for something alittle more complex, use a microcontrollerlittle more complex, use a microcontrollerlittle more complex, use a microcontrollerstupidly more convenient But why dostupidly more convenient But why dostupidly more convenient But why don’t radio amateurs en masse switch ton’t radio amateurs en masse switch ton’t radio amateurs en masse switch tousing microcontrollers in theirusing microcontrollers in theirusing microcontrollers in theirprojects, and there are several reasons for this, theprojects, and there are several reasons for this, theprojects, and there are several reasons for this, thefirst reason is thatfirst reason is thatfirst reason is thatanalog or pulse circuits are stillanalog or pulse circuits are stillanalog or pulse circuits are stillmore reliable and, in principle, you can make amore reliable and, in principle, you can make amore reliable and, in principle, you can make apower supply on a microcontroller and not onpower supply on a microcontroller and not onpower supply on a microcontroller and not onour controller, and this it will be even moreour controller, and this it will be even moreour controller, and this it will be even moreconvenient, but you need to understand that in theconvenient, but you need to understand that in theconvenient, but you need to understand that in thepower supply the PWM controller produces precisepower supply the PWM controller produces precisepower supply the PWM controller produces precisepulses of a strictly definedpulses of a strictly definedpulses of a strictly definedfilling width; this can also be done on afilling width; this can also be done on afilling width; this can also be done on amicrocontroller. Yes, but a very complexmicrocontroller. Yes, but a very complexmicrocontroller. Yes, but a very complexmicrocontroller with its own program inside.microcontroller with its own program inside.microcontroller with its own program inside.They can simply freeze or glitch; theThey can simply freeze or glitch; theThey can simply freeze or glitch; themore parts, the greater the chance thatmore parts, the greater the chance thatmore parts, the greater the chance thatsomething will go wrong. Even if for asomething will go wrong. Even if for asomething will go wrong. Even if for amoment the pulses are sentmoment the pulses are sentmoment the pulses are sentsomehow wrong to the transistors orsomehow wrong to the transistors orsomehow wrong to the transistors ortransformer. They can simply burn out ortransformer. They can simply burn out ortransformer. They can simply burn out oreven explode. Therefore, in power supplieseven explode. Therefore, in power supplieseven explode. Therefore, in power suppliesor some inverters door some inverters door some inverters donot use microcontrollers Well,not use microcontrollers Well,not use microcontrollers Well,at least I haven’t heard of this, ifat least I haven’t heard of this, ifat least I haven’t heard of this, ifthis happens if microcontrollersthis happens if microcontrollersthis happens if microcontrollersare used in power supplies or somethingare used in power supplies or somethingare used in power supplies or somethinglike that as a PWM controller, thenlike that as a PWM controller, thenlike that as a PWM controller, thenwrite in the comments. I will be verywrite in the comments. I will be verywrite in the comments. I will be veryinterested to know about this. The second reasoninterested to know about this. The second reasoninterested to know about this. The second reasonwhy microcontrollers have not completely taken overwhy microcontrollers have not completely taken overwhy microcontrollers have not completely taken overthe electronics engineer, since this problem is partiallythe electronics engineer, since this problem is partiallythe electronics engineer, since this problem is partiallysolved, we have a video on deputysolved, we have a video on deputysolved, we have a video on deputyprogramming on Arduino on our channel. I thinkprogramming on Arduino on our channel. I thinkprogramming on Arduino on our channel. I thinkI got a good and usefulI got a good and usefulI got a good and usefulvideo then. look and thenvideo then. look and thenvideo then. look and thenTry to ask for something yourself ITry to ask for something yourself ITry to ask for something yourself Ithink you can master this business The thirdthink you can master this business The thirdthink you can master this business The thirdreason why a microcontroller is not always used isreason why a microcontroller is not always used isreason why a microcontroller is not always used isthat athat athat amicrocontroller is a completely digitalmicrocontroller is a completely digitalmicrocontroller is a completely digitaldevice And in electronics Sometimes you needdevice And in electronics Sometimes you needdevice And in electronics Sometimes you needsomething analog, for example,something analog, for example,something analog, for example,audio amplifiers You can, of course, make aaudio amplifiers You can, of course, make aaudio amplifiers You can, of course, make aclass D audio amplifier, but in it the shim pulses areclass D audio amplifier, but in it the shim pulses areclass D audio amplifier, but in it the shim pulses arealso analog and smoothly change the width ofalso analog and smoothly change the width ofalso analog and smoothly change the width oftheir pulses. And in a microcontroller, thetheir pulses. And in a microcontroller, thetheir pulses. And in a microcontroller, thepulse width changes in stepspulse width changes in stepspulse width changes in stepsdepending on the bit depth of the PWM generator,depending on the bit depth of the PWM generator,depending on the bit depth of the PWM generator,but theoretically a class D audio amplifierbut theoretically a class D audio amplifierbut theoretically a class D audio amplifiercan be made on amicrocontroller. If you were inspired tomicrocontroller. If you were inspired tomicrocontroller. If you were inspired todo something on a microcontroller,do something on a microcontroller,do something on a microcontroller,then on our channel there are several videosthen on our channel there are several videosthen on our channel there are several videoswith projects on Arduino. But most of all,with projects on Arduino. But most of all,with projects on Arduino. But most of all,of course, Alex Guyver devoted himself to Arduino,of course, Alex Guyver devoted himself to Arduino,of course, Alex Guyver devoted himself to Arduino,he has already made a bunch of different oneshe has already made a bunch of different oneshe has already made a bunch of different onesinteresting projects on Arduinointeresting projects on Arduinointeresting projects on ArduinoJust for starters, you can look atJust for starters, you can look atJust for starters, you can look atsome projects from other authors andsome projects from other authors andsome projects from other authors andthen start implementing your own ideasthen start implementing your own ideasthen start implementing your own ideasWell, in general, Arduino is only the firstWell, in general, Arduino is only the firstWell, in general, Arduino is only the firststep into the world of microcontrollers, there are alsostep into the world of microcontrollers, there are alsostep into the world of microcontrollers, there are alsomore progressive stm32 controllers.more progressive stm32 controllers.more progressive stm32 controllers.They are of course more complicated but muchThey are of course more complicated but muchThey are of course more complicated but muchfaster. memory, more interfaces And therefaster. memory, more interfaces And therefaster. memory, more interfaces And thereare even STM boards similar toare even STM boards similar toare even STM boards similar toArduino for convenience, only here youArduino for convenience, only here youArduino for convenience, only here youneed to master realneed to master realneed to master realprogramming so that you can work with all this,programming so that you can work with all this,programming so that you can work with all this,of course, the topicof course, the topicof course, the topicof microcontrollers is so deep that youof microcontrollers is so deep that youof microcontrollers is so deep that youcan talk about microcontrollerscan talk about microcontrollerscan talk about microcontrollersendlessly, this video can be saidendlessly, this video can be saidendlessly, this video can be saidsimply as an introduction. So if you aresimply as an introduction. So if you aresimply as an introduction. So if you areinterested, write in the comments, weinterested, write in the comments, weinterested, write in the comments, wewill continue to talk about them if youwill continue to talk about them if youwill continue to talk about them if youneed it. And of course you also need toneed it. And of course you also need toneed it. And of course you also need tolike this video if youlike this video if youlike this video if youliked it and subscribe to the channel. You canliked it and subscribe to the channel. You canliked it and subscribe to the channel. You canalso thank you all very much sponsorsalso thank you all very much sponsorsalso thank you all very much sponsorswho support thewho support thewho support theproduction of our content at the boost Well, now theproduction of our content at the boost Well, now theproduction of our content at the boost Well, now theend screen with a video has appeared on the screenend screen with a video has appeared on the screenend screen with a video has appeared on the screenthat will be interesting to you,that will be interesting to you,that will be interesting to you,just here is a video aboutjust here is a video aboutjust here is a video aboutArduino programming or here is a video about a microArduino programming or here is a video about a microArduino programming or here is a video about a microcontroller from Tini 13, also interesting andcontroller from Tini 13, also interesting andcontroller from Tini 13, also interesting andsmall little thing Well, I’m notsmall little thing Well, I’m notsmall little thing Well, I’m notsaying goodbye to you, but I’m waiting for all the best in our other videos,saying goodbye to you, but I’m waiting for all the best in our other videos,saying goodbye to you, but I’m waiting for all the best in our other videos,friends\n"
